Final Exam Review



History

Final Exam Review

Summary Sheet

Pre-War Era

(1900-1914)

1. Describe Canadian Confederation.

On July 1st, 1867, the four British colonies of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia join in Confederation in Charlottetown, PEI. They formed the nation of Canada. John A. MacDonald was the first Prime Minister of Canada.

2. What are the four reasons the colonies decide to join together?

The colonies felt they need to join in Confederation because of:

1) The Threat of American Takeover

2) Changing British Attitudes

3) The Need of a New Trade Link

4) The Need for a Railway

3. Who was Tom Longboat?

Tom Longboat was an Aboriginal professional long-distance runner. In 1906, he won the Hamilton Around-the-Bay race. In 1907, he won the Boston Marathon. Longboat was proclaimed the world’s best long-distance runner. During WWI, he enlisted for the Canadian army and served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front.

4. Who was Louis Riel?

Louis Riel was the leader on the French-speaking Métis in the West (Manitoba). He led uprisings to fight for Métis land rights and their right to keep thir French language and culture. In 1970, Riel ordered the execution of Thomas Scott. The outraged English-Canadians send threats and Riel was forced to flee to the USA. In 1885, Riel returned to fight again for the Métis. He was captured, tried by an English-speaking jury, and hung for treason against the Canadian government and the Queen. (At the time, Riel was not a Canadian citizen). In Quebec, Riel was considered a hero. The execution of Riel was seen as an attack on French-Canadian culture. Riel is considered one of the Fathers of Confederation.

5. How did Canada change during the 1900’s in terms of technology and “the way of life”?

|Economic Technological |Social-Cultural |

|Air plane |Life centered around the farm and village |

|Electrical tram-transport |Over 60% of Canada is rural |

|Newpapers/printer |Traded less with Britain and more with provinces |

|Telephones |Maritimers moved west to the Prairies |

|Electric street lamps |Montreal was a huge port |

|Some cars |Aboriginals were moved to reserves |

|Railways being built |Canadians ordered items from the Eaton’s catalogue |

|Phonographs and gramophones | |

|Moving silent, black-and-white movies | |

|Hollywood | |

|Running water/indoor plumbing | |

|Refrigerator and electric washing machines | |

|Sewing machines, vacuums | |

|Hearing aids | |

6. How did PM Laurier fill up the West?

In 1896, PM Laurier, along with the Minister of the Interior, Clifford Sifton, introduced the “open door policy”. This allowed high numbers of immigrants to easily enter the country. The Canadian government aimed to fill up the West so they could make profit from growing grains and also so the land could not be taken over by the Americans.

7. How were new immigrants to Canada treated? Why?

In many places in Canada, non-English speaking immigrants were shunned and ridiculed and suffered forms of discrimination. Often they were depriced of work because of this discrimination and therefore were forced to take on the most labour-some jobs with the lowest wages. Canadians discriminated because they had never encountered people of different races before and because Canadians had harshly treated the Aboriginals and did not know to treat the new settlers any differently.

WWI

(1914-1918)

1. What are the 4 things that eventually lead to the breakout of WWI?

Imperialism – the extension and maintenance of an empire. It was said that “the sun never set on the British empire”. Colonies were a source for resources and wealth. Many nations were in competition for the same land.

Nationalism – a feeling of national pride.

Militarism – a belief in a strong military to defend national interests. An arms race is when on nations expands it’s military to out due it’s competition.

Political and Military Alliances – nations with similar politics and goals join together with the promise to defend each other.

2. When? Why? What? sparked the beginning of WWI?

In 1914, the Balkans region was a hotbed of political instability. Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) was visiting Sarajevo, Serbia, when he was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. Princip was part of a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand.

3. What events lead up to the beginning to WWI?

• Gavrilo Princip is arrested.

• Austria-Hungary blames the Serbian government for the death of the Archduke.

• Austria-Hungary send an ultimatum to Serbia. They insist Serbia must:

o Put down all nationalist hatred against Austria-Hungary

o Punish all those involved in the assassination plot

o Allow Austro-Hungary officials into Serbia to help crush the Black Hand.

• Serbia agrees to the first 2 terms; not the third

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

• Russia, Serbia’s ally, mobilizes it’s army.

• France mobilizes to support its Russian ally.

• Germany, threatened, orders France and Russia to stop mobilizing.

• Germany declares war on Russia.

• Germany declares war on France.

• Germany invades Belgium.

• Britain declares war on Germany.

4. When did WWI start?

On August 4, 1914, Britain declared war on Germany.

5. What was the Triple Alliance? What was the Triple Entente?

|Triple Entente |Triple Alliance |

|“the allies” |The “central powers” |

|Britain |Germany |

|France |Austria-Hungary |

|Russia |Italy |

6. Who were the leaders of each country during the WWI?

Canada – PM Robert Borden

Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm

Russia – Czar Nicholas

Britain –

France –

USA –

Italy –

7. Why was Canada committed to war? What choice did Canada have?

Canada was still a colony of Britain, therefore when Britain declared was on Germany, Canada was obligated to flight. Canada could decide on the nature and the extent of its involvement; Canada was not committed to send a certain number of soldiers. A Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) was established

8. Who was Sam Hughes? What was he responsible for?

Sam Hughes, Minister of the Militia, has been expanding the Canadian militia for years. Within two weeks, he had set up the military training camp at Valcartier QB. He tried to keep the Canadian Forces together while in Europe. Sam Hughes insisted Canadian soldiers be equipped with the Ross Rifle.

9. Why were there so many volunteers at the beginning of the war?

1. Sense of patriotism/nationalism

2. Wages of $1/day; $1.10 if being shot at

3. Sense of adventure, thought the war would be short, 3 months

4. Canadians wanted to defend their home country – either Britain or France

10. Did Canadian soldiers easily assimilate into the British Armed Forces in Europe?

In Europe, Canadian soldiers were placed under British officers. The officers demanded unquestioning respect. Canadian troops clashed with formal British traditions and the strict military discipline.

11. How was the war-time technology used in WWI different from previous wars?

WWI was fought with heavy artillery. For the first time, machine guns were used. Cavalry was useless.

12. What is meant by “trench warfare”. Why was trench warfare necessary?

Trenches, long narrow ditches, were dug into the flat landscape of Europe to escape from machine gun fire. The area between the enemy trenches was called no-man’s-land.

13. What were the living conditions like in the trenches?

Conditions in the trenches were terrible. In wet weather, the solider were left sitting in wet, muddy, and flooded trenches. Sickness and disease were rampant. Many soldiers suffered from trench foot. Rats and human bodies were everywhere.

14. What is shell shock?

Terrifying and stressful battle lead many soldiers to mental fatigue and mental breakdowns. This was known as shell-shock. Some soldier who suffered from shell shock were unable to fight.

15. What was a u-boat? Wolf pack?

Germany had submarines (unterseeboots) and used them to prowl the seas, like wolves. They attacked British ships in an attempt to cut off supplies from Canada.

16. What was meant by German “unrestricted submarine warfare”?

In 1917, Germany introduced an “unrestricted submarine warface” policy. This meant their submarines would attempt to sink any ships they came across.

17. How had Canada’s navy expanded by the end of the war?

In 1914, Canada’s navy consisted of 2 war ships. But was the end of the war, the Royal Canada Navy (RCN) had grown to 112 war ships staffed by 5 500 officers and men.

18. How were airplanes used in WWI?

At the beginning of the war no one believed could play a important role. Planes could be used for bombing, spying and mapping, and air combat.

19. What was special about the Fokker aircraft?

The German Fokker aircraft was the first synchronized machine gun. This meant a pilot could shoot through the blades of the propeller, without hitting the blades.

20. Who was Manfren von Richtofen? Who was Roy Brown?

Von Richtofen, known as the Red Baron, was a German ace who downed over 80 planes throughout his career. Captain Roy Brown was the Canadian pilot who finally shot him down.

21. Who was Billy Bishop?

Billy Bishop was born in Owen Sound, Ontario. He went on to become one of the greatest fighter pilots in the British Commonwealth. By the end of the war, he was awarded the Victoria Cross by Britain and the highest honours of France. He was among the top 3 Allied air aces. He went on to become the Director of Recruiting for the RCAF in 1940.

22. What was the Black Flight?

The Black Flight was a group of Canadian flyers who down numerous German planes.

23. Who was the important Canadian General?

Canadian Arthur Currie

24. Who was the important British General?

British General Haig.

25. What was the Schleiffen Plan?

Germany decided to attack France through Belgium, instead of across the German/French border, which was where the French army was waiting.

26. Describe the Battle at Ypres. Why was it significant?

The Battle of Ypres, Belgium, was Canada’s first major battle. The German attacked with a new weapon, chlorine gas, aka mustard gas. It destroyed the respiratory system, caused blindness, and burned the skin. Only the Canadians were able to hold their position while the British and French retreated. A Canadian doctor recognized the gas and came up with the solution of holding a urine soaked cloth to their face. One of five men died. GAS

27. Describe the Battle at the Somme. Why was it significant?

On the first day of battle, July 1 1916, 60 000 men died. Troops from Newfoundland and Labrador fought bravely but 90% of the regiment was dead or wounded. The Battle lasted 141 days with almost 1.25 million casualties. Canadians fought bravely and were often called in to spearhead an attack; they were known as the storm troopers. BLOODBATH

28. Describe the Battle at Vimy Ridge. Why was it significant?

Both Britain and France had tried to take the ridge but had failed. Canadian General Currie carefully planned the attack and perfected the “creeping barrage”. For the first time, all the Canadian Divisions would brought together to fight. By following the barrage, Canadians had the element of surprise. They pushed forward and successfully tool the ridge on April 12th 1917. Vimy Ridge was the first allied victory in a year and a half. It was the biggest and greatest accomplishments in Canadian history. Success at Vimy Ridge earned Canadian troops respect and a reputation for bravery. Robert Borden was asked to be a part of the Imperial War Cabinet. NATIONALISM.

29. Describe the Battle at Passchendale. Why was it significant?

General Currie was asked to capture Passchendale. Intense artillery war fare had turned the battle ground into a mad pit with absolutely no vegetation visible. Advancing through the mud was difficult. Many soldiers fell into the mud, drowned, and were never seen again. It was a bittersweet victory; 16 000 Canadian died. MUD

30. Why did Russia drop out of WWI?

The Russian people were outraged by the huge numbers of casualties. Czar Nicholas and his family was assassinated. The Russian Revolution of 1917 is why Russia dropped out. They had other things to deal with.

31. Why did the USA join WWI?

In 1917, a German submarine sunk the Lusitania, a US cruise ship. The United States joined in with WWI.

32. How did Canadians contribute on the home front? What is total war?

WWI effected everyone, not just soldiers. Vast armies of citizen soldiers replaced the elite professional armies of the past. In battles and bombing, civilians were targeted just as much as soldiers. Many people planted “victory gardens” to produce as much food as possible. People reduced the amount of food they ate and wasted as little as possible. Everything that could be saved was shipped of to Europe. Fundraisers were held by communities and organizations. People also bought Victory Bonds.

33. How did women’s roles change during WWI? What responsibilities did they take on?

Canadian women volunteered to work overseas as nurses or ambulance drivers. With the men over seas, women were left to keep the country going. Farm women worked long hours in the fields. Canadian went to work in munitions factories and other war industries. Women also drove buses, worked in banks, on police forces, and in civil service jobs. Women needed to feel they were helping their loved ones overseas.

34. When did women win the right to vote?

Women felt they should be allowed had a share in making decisions about the country. Members of this movements were called suffragists. Women had proven that they can do anything men can do. In 1917, the War Time Elections Act allowed women over 21 with sons, fathers or a husband fighting in the war the right to vote. In 1920, the Dominion Elections Act gave women the right to run for election to Parliament.

35. Who was Nellie McClung?

Nellie McClung fought for women’s rights and political suffrage. Because of her efforts, the women of Manitoba were able to vote in the 1916 provincial elections. She was also a member of the Famous Five.

36. What was the Halifax explosion?

During the war, Halifax harbour was a major port. On December 6th 1917, the Mont Blanc (carrying a cargo of explosives) collided with the vessel Imo. The resulting blast, totaled the city. Fires burned a large portion of the city. A huge tidal waves blew all the ships out of the harbour. The explosion was one of the worst disasters in Canadian history. Boston send a ship with $3 million dollars with relief supplies. $30 millions dollars was collected from around the world to help replace the city.

37. Describe Canada’s economy during the war.

The government quickly organized the Imperial Munitions Board. Soon factories were turing out quality munitions at an astounding rate. The government also encouraged farmers to turn out as much food as possible. The wheat crop in 1915 was the largest in Canadian history. A Board of Grain Supervisors was formed. The government also supervised the large quantities of fish, pork, beef, and cheese sent overseas. By 1917, Britain had run out of money. Fortunately, the USA join in the war and provide Canada with a huge market to sell munitions to. Canada’s economy continued to boom until the end of the war.

38. What was an enemy alien? Internment camps?

The pressures of war encouraged suspicion, blind intolerance and personal greed. People from enemy nations were viewed with discrimination and suspicion. An “enemy alien” was a person from an enemy country who was suspected to be a spy. Many people with german ancestry tried to show their loyalty and avoid discrimination by changing their names.

39. What is the War Measures Act? When and why was it invoked?

The government invoked to War Measures Act to place restrictions on “enemy aliens”. This act gave the government sweeping powers to ensure “the security, defence, peace, order, and welfare of Canada”. It takes away the basic democratic rights and freedoms of individuals in emergencies. People suspected of sympathizing with the enemy could be arrested or searched. Many people were rounded up and send to internment camps in remote areas.

40. What is censorship?

Censorship banned the publication and distribution of books and magazines in “enemy” languages.

41. What is conscription?

Conscription means that all able-bodied men would be required to join the army. With the rising number of casualties and a lowered number of volunteers, conscription was Borden’s last resort.

42. Why did the issue of conscription put a strain on English/French relations?

English Canadians believed that Quebec wasn’t contributing to the war effort. Volunteers by Quebec were only about 20% in comparison to it’s population. The farmers is Quebec were needed for food production. Also, French Canadians didn’t feel obligated to fight Britain’s war. Many did feel any obligation to France; they felt they had been deserted since in conquest in 1760. The Military Service Bill in 1917 made conscription law. There were riots in Montreal and Quebec City. A man could be excused from military service if he had a physical disability, and essential occupation, was a conscientious objector, or was a member of the clergy.

43. What was a conscientious objector?

Men who had no signed up to fight overseas were seen as cowards. Resentment also increase against pacifist, or people who were against war on the basis of spiritual or moral beliefs. The Wartime Election Act took away the vote from people born in enemy countries, those who spoke the language of an enemy country and conscientious objectors.

44. When was the capture of the city of Mons and why was it symbolic for the Allies? Why were soldiers angry?

On November 10 1918, Canadian soldiers were given orders from General Haig to take the city of Mons. They soldiers already knew the war was to be over the next day. This was to be the last battle of WWI. General Haig wanted the city for symbolic reasons; this was the first city Britain lost at the beginning of the war in 1914. Ending it where it started off.

45. What was the war costing?

The war was costing about $1 million/day. Revenue needed to be raised so the government began income tax, and initiating taxes on luxury items (eg, tea, coffee, tobacco, alcohol. Canada’s national debt was skyrocketing; owed 2.5 billon by 1918.

46. What is an armistice? When was the armistice signed? How do we remember this day?

An armistice is an official sees-fire that ends the war. The armistice was to come into affect at 11am on November 11 1918. We remember this day by celebrating Remembrance Day every November 11th.

47. What is the Treaty of Versailles? When was it signed?

The signing of the Treaty of Versailles in February 1919 officially ended the war. Although Canada entered into the war as part of the British empire, Canada voted and signed the treaty as an independent nation. American Wilson wanted Germany to given a just peace. He also proposed to start the League of Nations.

48. What are the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

Geographical Terms

• Germany lost control of all of it’s colonies

• Alsace-Lorraince was given back France

• The rich Saar coal region was to be run from France for the next 15 years

• Part of eastern Germany was given to create the country of Poland

Military Controls

• The Germany army was restricted to 100 000 people and was to have no tanks or heavy guns

• Germany was not to have an air force

• The Germany Navy was only to have some small ships

War Guilt Clause (Article 231)

• Germany was forced to sign a statement that they had been the primary cause of the war; they were responsible.

• Reparations Clause – Germany was to pay money and goods to Britain, France, and Belgium to repair damages; a bill of about 36 billion dollars

49. What were some of the outcomes/effects of the war? Casualties?

In all, over 40 countries were involved. By 1918, there were 28 million casualties world-wide. 60 000 Canadians died and another 173 000 were left wounded. Canada came out of WWI more independent and with a booming economy.

The Roaring Twenties

(1919-1929)

1. Who were Banting and Best? What did they discover?

Fredrick Banting and Charles Best were Canadian medical researches. They found that insulin could be isolated and removed from dogs and could then be injected into humans suffering from diabetes. By late 1922, insulin was made available to treat diabetes. They were awarded the Nobel Prize.

2. Why did the government implement prohibition? What is a bootlegger? What is a speakeasies?

In 1918, the federal government introduced prohibition, banning the production, import, and transportation of liquor across the country. The ban brought about a new type of crime. “Bootleg booze” was illegal liquor made and sold by bootleggers and other small time operators. Elegant private clubs called “speakeasies” sprang out where alcohol was available.

3. What was the influenza epidemic?

Soldiers brought home the “Spanish flu” virus with them as they returned from overseas. People with the virus often got pneumonia and died. In all, 50 000 people died. The epidemic pressed the government into action. The federal Department of Health was created in 1919.

4. Describe some of the post-war problems.

Post-war problems included: the closing of wartime industries, women being force to return to housework, returning soldiers looking for work, inflation and a high cost of living, lack of unemployment insurance and other programs.

5. What was OBU?

The skilled and unskilled workers in the west formed One Big Union (OBU). They believed that by standing together, workers could force employers to pay higher wages, establish shorter working hours, and better working conditions.

6. What was the Winnipeg General Strike about?

On May 1, the Building and Metal Trades Councils in Winnipeg went on strike. On May 15, 30 000 additional workers throughout the city walked off the job. All over the country, workers went on sympathy strikes to show their support. In Winnipeg, the strike spread from industry to industry. Soon, the entire city had shut down. June 21 1919 is known as Bloody Saturday. When the strike leaders were arrested, a huge protesting crowd gathered. The Major read the Riot Act and shots were fired into the crowd.

7. What were some of the results of the strike?

After the strike, workers were forced to sign “yellow dog contracts” stating they will not join a union. Other were branded as troublemakers and were fired. The Winnipeg General Strike also made people appreciate how important workers were to a community. The strike also drew attention to the social and economic problems that faced working class people. The Winnipeg strike was not an attempt to start a violent revolution, like the Bolsheviks did in Russia.

8. How were war veterans compensated for? (3 acts)

The Soldiers Settlement Act of 1919 offered those who wanted to farm a grant of land. The Pension of Act of 1917 gave British subjects over the age of 70 entitled to $270/yr (to be eligible, you must have lived in for 20 years and earn less than $365/yr). The War Veterans Allowance Act of 1930 provided unemployed veterans support and veterans >60 a pension.

9. How were Aboriginals forced to live?

Aboriginals were forced to assimilate. Many Aboriginals had been moved onto reserves. But the land they were given was inadequate to survive off of. It was a struggle for Aboriginals to keeps with culture and rights recognized.

10. What is meant by assimilation?

The government wanted Aboriginals to assimilate. That is, the government wanted Aboriginals to give up their traditional ways and be absorbed into Canadian culture, which was predominantly “white” culture.

11. How was Aboriginal children treated in the residential schools?

Residential schools were funded by the government. All Aboriginal children from 7-15 years were required to attend these schools. They were not allowed to speak their own languages or to follow their traditional cultural and spiritual practices. Rules were strict and punishments were severe. Children were often beaten. By the time the children were returned to their families, Aboriginal language and tradition were lost.

12. What was the League of Indians?

In 1919, the League of Indian was organized by Fred Loft. The League of Indians fought to keep Aboriginal identities, the right to vote, the recognition of land rights, and to run in Canadian politics.

13. What was the “Person’s Case”? Who were the famous five and what were they fighting for?

Was a women qualified to be appointed in the Senate. The BNA Act stated that any qualified “persons” could receive appointments. It raised the question, “were women classified as “persons” in the eyes of the law”? The Supreme Court of Canada said no. The Famous Five; Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Henrietta Edwards and Irene Parlby; petitioned and appealed to the Privy Council. The Privy Council in Britain, ruled that the term “persons” refers to both men and women and therefore women had the right to run for public office and to be appointed to government positions.

14. What is xenophobia?

Xenophobia is the intense dislike or fear of foreigners.

15. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? What is this day known as to the Chinese?

In BC, there was intense discrimination against Asians. July 1 1923, Canada passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act banned all Chinese except students, merchants, and diplomats from entering Canada. To Chinese Canadians, July 1st 1923 is known as “Humiliation Day”.

16. Briefly describe Canada’s economy during this time period.

The Prairies had a huge wheat crop. Canada’s forestry industry was producing softwood, hardwood and newsprint. Quebec and Ontario has a dramatic increase in the production of hydroelectric power. Oil was found in Alberta. Copper, zinc, and nickel were mined out of the Canadian shield. Canada’s economy was on an upswing.

17. What is meant by “Americanization”? What is a branch plant system?

Increasing numbers of American investors were putting money into Canada’s economy. People began to worry Canada was becoming too Americanized. Americans introduced the branch plant system. This allowed American businesses to run in Canada but all important decision were made by Americans.

18. List and describe the 6 steps of Canada’s growing autonomy.

|1922 Chanak Affair |Britain has a dispute with Turkey and asked Canada to send support. PM King replied that only |

| |the Canadian Parliament could decide to send troops. Canada would make it’s own foreign policy.|

|1923 Halibut Treaty |Canada and the United States worked out an agreement on the fishing season for halibut in the |

| |North Pacific. Britain did not sign. Canada won the right to sign treaties with a foreign |

| |country on its own. |

|1926 The Balfour Report |Canada and the other Dominions were delared self-governing and independent nations. They were |

| |to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations. |

|1926 The King/Byng Crisis |GG Byng refused to dissolve Parliament at PM King’s request. For refusing Byng was ignoring the|

| |advice of the elected government, which was a breach in principle of responsible government. |

|1927/1918 New Foreign Embassies |Canada opened its own embassy in the United States. The next year, embassies were opened in |

| |France and Belgium. |

|1931 The Statute of Westminster |British Parliament was made completely self-governing, bound by no laws other than its own. |

| |Britain could make laws for Canada. |

19. How did mass media influence Canada?

Mass media began in the 1920’s. Radio broadcasts, newpapers, magazines, billboards, and movies poured into Canada and the United States. Canadians admired fasions from NYC, bought American made vaccum cleaners and other appliances and watched American movies.

20. What is a fad? What were some fads during the 1920’s?

Fads were a way for people to escape memories of war and to enjoy life. Suddenly, everyone would be crazy about a certain dance, fasion, game, sport or other activity. Then they would be dropped as suddenly as they were taken up. Fads of the 1920’s included mahjong and crosswords.

21. Who/what is a flapper?

A flapper was a yound girl who dressed outrageously.

22. What is a radio and how did it impact Canada?

Radio was the great communication invention of the 1920’s. Voice, news, and music could now be broadcast across the country using radio signals. It was the invention of the radio that helped shrink Canada’s vast size. People living in isolation were brought upto date with the cities of the nation. Radio also provided inexpensive entertainment in people’s homes.

23. Who is Henry Ford? What impact did the automobile have on Canada?

Henery Ford was the first to mass produce automobiles. He set up an assembly lime that ran from one end of the factory to the other. The result was the famous “Model T” the the average North American could afford. People in rural areas could now visit relatives or run errands with wasting time. The car made farm like less isolated and lonely. Cars were seen as luxurary items. Canada benefited from spin off industries. There were also problems; new roads were needed, pollution, and criminal get away vechicles were also a result of this invention.

24. How were airplanes used during the 1920’s?

Bush pilots were needed to transport people and supplies to and from rural areas. They were also used to spot forest fires, and to take aerial photographs. In 1924, the Royal Canadian Air Force was established. The government realized the potential for passenger transportation. In 1937, the Canadian government owned airline, Trans-Canada, was formed.

25. What is meant by urbanization?

New farm machinery meant that a larger area of land could be farmed with less workers. This left many farmers out of work and they moved to the cities to find jobs. With more and more people moving into cities, they expanded. Skyscrapers appeared. The invention of the automobiles allowed families to move to the outskirts of cities, the suburbs, and commute to work.

26. What is a talkie?

A talkie was a talking movie. Movie going became part of life for many people.

27. Who is Mary Pickford?

Canadian actress, Mary Pickford was one of Hollywood’s biggest stars. She started the film production company known as United Artists.

28. What type of music was popular during the 1920’s?

Jazz moved north from New Orleans was was made popular by Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong. The dance of the decade – the Charleston. This was known as the “Jazz Age”.

The Dirty Thirties

(1929-1939)

1. What are the 4 stages of the business cycle?

Recovery

Prosperity

Recession

Trough or Depression

2. What were the 6 causes of the depression?

1) Overproduction, overexpansion

2) Dependence on Primary Industries

3) Dependence on the USA

4) High Tariffs

5) Credit Buying

6) Stock Market – “buying on credit”

3. Describe and explain “buying on credit”.

If you want to buy 1000 stocks at $1 each, you only need to pay 10%. Meaning you only need $100 and can pay back the $900 later. This lead to many people oweing large amounts of money. The stock market is a financial game. You need to known when to get in and when to get out. You also need to know what to buy.

4. What was “the crash”? Why did the stock market crash?

On October 29th 1929, the six factors suddenly merged. This day was known as “Black Tuesday”. Stock value plumted. As it went down, people tried to dump their stock and get out, but since no one was buying, it kept going down. In one day, the TSX and the MSX lost 50% of it stock value. Millions of dollars disappeared.

5. What was the Great Depression?

The Great Depression was a period of extreme hardship. Many people were umemployed and in debt from buying on margin. If you could not pay what you owed, your car, house and furinsihing would be repossessed by the bank. To be homeless in Canada during the winter was not a good thing.

6. What were the living conditions and way of life like during the 1930’s?

Most Canadians were unemployed so they roamed the country looking for odd jobs. With no wages, thee was often no money for food, clothing or housing. There was no unemployment insurance, no family allowance, and no government sponsored medical care.

7. Initially, what was the government’s response?

Before the depression, city governments and charities provided relief for the poor and needy. But overwhelmed city governments turned to the provincial and federal governments for help. The federal government thought the depression was going to be short and Canadians should just wait it out.

8. Why were Canadians outraged by PM King’s “five-cent speech”?

King insisted that social welfare was the responsibility of the provinces. He also declared that he would not give “a five-cent piece” to any province that did not have a Liberal government.

9. What was new PM Bennett’s promises?

Bennett promised to find work for the unemployed and to give the prvinces $20 million in emergency relieft funds. To deal with foreign trade policies that were choking off Canadian exports, Bennett believed that by raising tariffs on imports he could boost Canadian business within Canada.

10. What was a Bennett buggy?

During the Depression there was no money to buy gas or to repair broken cars. Then someone had the idea to remove the engine and windshield and to harness the car to the back of the horses.

11. What was a hobo?

A hobo was a person who traveled across Canadian on railways, with their possession on their back, looking for work.

12. What was pogey?

“Pogey” was hobo slang for food, clothing, and shelter provided by public relief agencies. The umemploted were never given cash, just vouchers. The vouchers could be exchanged for food, rent, and other necessitites.

13. How were the different regions of the country affected differently?

14. Why was the Great Depression especially difficult for city dwellers?

The Greta Depression was especiall difficult for city dwellers because at least farmers were able to grow their own food and sell the extra for some profit. Often people in cities moved back to rural areas.

15. What is xenophobia?

16. Describe immigration during this period.

17. What were government Relief Camps?

Reilf camps were set up by the Department of National Defense for unemployed single men. Workers were supplied with food, clothing, shelter, and 20 a day. Men would work cutting brush, moving rocks, and building roads.

18. What was the On-to-Ottawa Trek?

In 1935, med fed up with life in BC boarded trains and traveled East to Ottawa. They wanted minimum wages and a proper system for social and unemployment insurance. The men were stopped in Regina by the NWMP – riots and injuries.

19. How did Canadians cope with hardship?

Canadians stuggling for survival used the media as an escape from their hardships.

20. What was the purpose of the National Film Board? (NFB)

The NFB worked to promote the production and distribution of Canadian films. They made sure Canada and Canadians were portrayed accurately by and to other countries.

21. What was the purpose of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation? (CBC)

Most programs came from the United States. In 1933, the government started the Canadian Radio Boradcasting Comission (now the CBC). It followed the Queen’s visit to Canada.

22. What are the Governor General’s Awards?

The Governor General’s Awards were started by GG John Buchan to promte Canadian literature. At the time, they were the most prestigious literary prize in Canada.

23. What was Bennett’s New Deal?

Bennett wanted to establish:

• Unemployment and social insurance

• Set a minimum wage

• Guarantee fair treatment for employees

• Control prices so businesses could not make unfair profits

24. Which 3 political parties emerged during the 1930’s? Who were their leaders and what were their objectives? Describe their successes.

|Social Credit |Swept into power in 1935 in Alberta |

| |Leader – William Aberhart |

| |Believed every citizen should be given “social credit” to spend |

| |If people were given money, they would buy things, and factories would have to reopen to |

| |give them something to buy |

| |Remained in power for 35 years |

|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation |Formed in 1932 by farmers, labour groups, university teachers, and some MPs |

| |Wanted social and economic reforms to end the hardships |

| |Leader – James S. Woodsworth |

| |Called for public ownership of banks and major serves |

| |Wanted more government involvement and control of the economy |

|Union Nationale |For the first time, more Quebeckers were living in urban areas. |

| |Leader – Maurice Duplessis |

| |Defend French language and culture |

| |Secure provincial power so that Quebec could control it’s own economy |

| |Promised to improve working conditions, find new markets for farm productions, and build |

| |affordable housing. |

25. What is meant by relief? Why were some people not eligible for relief?

Financial relief was given to people who were desperate. But often proof of disparity was needed to receive support others enlisted that people prove that they had lived in the city for a period of time before they could collect relief. Also, some unmarried women, widows, and families with fathers is jail found it hard to receive relief.

26. How did the depression finally end?

The Great Depression ended with the beginning of WWII. The many unemployed either enlisted as soldiers or were hired in munitions factories.

WWII

(1939-1945)

1. What were the conditions like in post-war Germany?

Conditions in post-war Germany were sucky. Germany was experiencing the Great Depression of the 1930’s. Unemployment was high. Germany went further into Depression because other countries could not help out because they too were experiencing Depression. Houses, factories, and entire German cities had to be rebuilt as well as war torn cities in Belgium, France, and Britain.

2. How did the terms in the Treaty of Versailles impact Germany?

Germans faced poverty because of the reparations they were forced to pay to the Allied countries. Since France had taken the Saar region, Germany lost a main industry.

3. What is inflation? How did it affect the Germany mark?

Inflation happens when the government prints more paper money than they have in gold worth. When this happens the value of the money goes down in comparison to the currency of other countries. Because of inflation, 1 German mark was worthless; monopoly money.

4. What was the government situation like at this time?

Politically, Germany was unstable. Political parties rose and fell from power quickly; no party was able to improve the country’s economy. A lot of new political parties emerged, one of which being the NAZIS.

5. How did the citizens of Germany feel?

German citizens were humiliated. Their nationalism had been destroyed. Germans were angry, bitter, suffering from the Depression, and harboured a need for revenge.

6. Who were the NAZIS?

The National Socialist German Workers Party was a political party that took power of the German government throughout WWII. Under NAZI power, Germany became a totalitarian state in which everything was controlled by the government. The Nazis began to rebuild Germany. Newspapers and radio were also strictly controlled by the Nazi party. All teachers were required to be member of the Nazi Party. Students were recruited to join the Hitler Youth Movement, where they learned Nazi idea.

The Nazi party believed:

• Government should be run by the army and the wealthy

• Industry should be privately owned

• The power of the military should be increased

• Democratic government should be outlawed

• Activities of Jews and foreigners should be severely restricted (because they were responsible for Germany’s economic woes)

7. Who was Adolf Hitler?

Adolf Hitler was the leader of the NAZI party. Hitler was the leader Germany needed. He was charismatic, had a strong sense of national pride, was persuasive, and realized and understood the needs of the German people.

8. What were Hitler’s promises to the German people in 1933?

Hitler promised Germans that they would earn back their pride and the land they had lost in WWI. He promised to rebuild Germany into a strong and powerful nation. “TODAAY GERMANY, TOMORROW THE WORLD”.

9. What is a dictatorship? Fascism?

A dictatorship is a type of government in which one person holds all the power, and usually has military might to back them up. Hitler was a dictator. He outlawed all other political parties. All those who were against him were killed off. Hitler had German that his dictatorship was a good them. Fascism is a movement of a group of people, all of “us”, against “them”.

10. What is meant by “dur Furher”?

“dur Further” means “leader”. It was the name given to Hitler.

11. What was “Mein Kampf”?

In the early 1920’s, Hitler wrote a book call Mein Kampf, meaning “My Struggle”. In it, he published his political plans for the country and his views on anti-Semitism.

12. How did the Nazis rise to power?

In 1933, Hitler was made Chancellor of Germany. From that position, he was able to make and take away laws, and given the Nazi Party control of the Germany Parliament. As soon as he came to power, Hitler began expanding the Germany army, navy, and air force.

13. What is the Enabling Act?

In 1933, the Enabling Act was given to Hitler. This allowed his to make up and change laws whenever he felt like it one the pretense of making a Germany better.

14. What was the Munich Agreement? What is meant by appeasement?

Representatives from France and Britain met with Hitler and signed the Munich Agreement. They allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland (the northern part of Czechoslovakia) because they believe it will save the world from war. This policy is known as “appeasement”.

15. When and how did Hitler take over Austria?

In March 1938 annexed Austria. No countries attempted to stop Hitler because they wanted to avoid another war. Kurt von Schuschnigg was the Austrian Chancellor in 1938. Hitler presented Schuschnigg with demands that the Nazis in Austria be left unrestricted and that Nazis be included in Austria's government or else the German army would invade the country. Seeing no other escape and for the safety of the people of Austria, Schuschnigg resigned from office and a Hitler’s puppet, Seyss-Inquart, became chancellor. Hitler had annexed Austria without one bullet being fired. This was known as ANSCHLUSS.

16. What was the Non-aggression Pact?

In August 1939, germany signed a pact with the Soviet Union. The two countries promised not to fight each other in the event of a war. They also secretly agreed to divide Poland between them. HIlter was now free to plan his moves against France and Britain in the west without the fear of a Soviet attack from the east. HE WANTED A ONE FRONT-WAR.

17. When did Germany invade Poland? Why was it over so quickly?

On September 1 1939, German troops invaded Poland. The new large and powerful Germany army quickly overwhelmed Poland’s old fashioned army. Hitler took control over Poland.

18. When did Britain and France declare war on Germany?

Britain and France, allies with Poland, realized there would be no appeasement. The declared war on Germany.

19. When did Canada declare war on Germany?

Canada declared war on Germany on September 10 1939.

20. What were the 6 reasons why Canada did not want to get involved before this point?

• Memories of WWI - still fresh in people’s minds

• Pacifism – people wanted peace, no conflict or aggression

• The Great Depression – foreign politics seems irrelevant with problems so close to home

• Isolationism – was separated by an ocean from Europe’s conflicts

• Political Leadership – PM King did not want to be drawn into Britain’s imperial conflicts

• Appeasement – Hitler was not seen as a threat

21. What is meant by Blitzkrieg?

Blitzkrieg (lightening war) was the military strategy the Germans used. They would attack hard and fast so the opposition was unable to fight back.

22. What was the Luftwaffe?

The Luftwaffe was the German air force.

23. Who was Hindenburg?

President Hindenburg was a WWI hero. He was the only person Hitler could not touch (kill off) because he was loved by the German people. Old and sick, Hindenburg died off in 1933, and Hitler was able to take complete power.

24. What was an autobahn?

An autobahn is a highway. Hitler built highways all across Europe as they provide quick transportation for troops. By building these highways, Hitler also provided employment for Germans suffering from the Depression.

25. What was the Reichstag?

The Reichstag was the building that held German Parliament. It was set on fire in 1933.

26. Who was Jesse Owens?

In 1936, Berlin hosted the Olympic games. Jesse Owens, an African-American sprinter, won 4 medals, beating out the Germans. Hitler was outraged.

27. What was the S.A.?

The German army. Storm troopers. Brown shirts. Leader was Rohm, until he was killed during the ultra violent “The Night of the Long Knives”

28. What was the S.S.? the Gestapo?

The S.S. or the Gestapo were the German official secret police. The S.S. were responsible for setting up and administering the concentration camps.

29. What was the Holocaust?

The Holocaust was the Nazi’s systematic destruction of millions of Jewish people across Europe.

30. What is meant by anti-Semitism?

Anti-semitism is the intense dislike or hatred of Jews. Hitler was against all Jews. He made the German public believe that Jews were responsible for the Germany defeat of WWI and the economic hardships of the 1920’s and 1930’s. In his book, Hitler described Jews as “deadly poison” and “vermin”. Hitler and the Nazis began Jewish persecution.

31. What were Hitler’s beliefs concerning the Aryan race?

The Aryan race is made up of people with pure German decent (blonde hair; blue eyes). Hitler believe they were “super humans” and “the master race”. (better than everyone else). He believed that the Aryan race should rule the world.

32. What was the Nuremberg Law?

The Nuremberg Law of 1935 took away the citizenship and civil right of all Jews. It was made illegal for a Jew to marry a non-Jew. Jews were banned from going to public schools, owning land, associating with non-Jews, going to parks, libraries, banks, and museums. They were also banned from all jobs with influence (teachers, government workers). Nazi soldiers would vandalize and scare customers away from Jewish businesses and stores.

33. Who was Anne Frank?

Anne Frank was a young Jewish girl from Holland who’s family hid in an attic from the Nazis for two years. After she was found, she was killed in a concentration camp. Throughout her time in hiding, Anne kept a diary of her life during this period of time. The diary was found and published into a book.

34. Who was Oskar Schindler?

Oskar Schindler was a German factory owner at first only cared about making money. Then something inside him changed and he purposefully employed and took care of Jewish people to save them from concentration camps. He referred to his workers as “Schindlerjuden,” or “his children”. Schindler saved more Jewish people than any other single German.

35. Who was Raoul Wallenberg?

Raoul Wallenberg was a Switz diplomate. He used his diplomatic status to save many Hungarian Jews by issuing them Swedish "protective passports" which identified the bearers as Swedish subjects awaiting repatriation. Although not legally valid, these documents looked impressively official and were generally accepted by German and Hungarian authorities. He is credited with saving the lives of tens of thousands of Jewish Hungarians.

36. Who was Rosa Roberta?

Rosa Roberta was an 18 year old girl who was forced to work at a gunpowder factory. She stole gun powdered and hid it around the camp. On Octorber 7 1944 she successfully blew up the crematorium. She was arrested, tortured and eventually hung. Rosa Roberta’s story is of heroism and bravery that gave strength and hope to other prisoners.

37. What were Hitler’s 3 stages (solutions) for Jews during WWII?

1) Voluntary Immigration (1933-1939)

2) Expulsion and Ghettos (1939-1942)

3) Extermination and Concentration Camps (1942-1945)

38. Describe how the Jews were executed.

In the concentration camps, medical experiments were carried out on people. Hanging, shooting, torturing and overworking were all ways used to kill Jews. Gas chambers, disguised as showers, forced Jews to breath in Zylom B gas. Their bodies were removed and cremated. 6000 people/day.

39. What is a ghetto?

A ghetto was an area in a city where Hitler housed Jews. The German SS closely monitored these area and prevented Jews from mixing with the rest of the German population. The ghettos were crammed, dirty, and rampant with disease.

40. Name the major concentration camps.

• Dachau

• Bergen-Belsen

• Treblinka

• Sobibor

• Maidanek

• Ausewitz

41. How did the “final solution” effect the Jewish population in Europe?

Over 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust. Only 1/3 of the Jewish population survived. Their only crime was being Jewish.

42. What was the St. Louis incident?

The ocean liner, the St. Louis, arrived over the Atlantic carrying 907 Jewish refugees. The ship was denied entrance into Canada, and was forced to turn around and return to Europe. The majority of it’s passengers were eventually killed in concentration camps.

43. What was Kristallnacht?

aka “Night of Broken Glass”. November 1938. A Germany embassy officer was shot by a Polish-Jewish Youth. In response Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German cities, towns and villages, as ordinary citizens and storm troopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows. Jews were beaten to death; 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps; and 1,668 synagogues ransacked or set on fire.

44. Describe how quickly Nazism spread over Europe.

In 4 weeks, the new German army crushed Poland. German forces quickly overrun Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Hitler send the troops into France. France fell in six weeks. Britain was the only European country not overrun.

45. What was the Battle of Britain? Why was it referred to as the phony war?

The Battle of Britain took place in the sky in August of 1940. It was referred to as the phony war because even thought Britain had declared war on Germany, no actual fighting took place for another year. The fairly small RAF shot downs 3000 Nazi fighter planes. The British were very proud. PM Churchill spoke, “Never was so much owed to so few”.

46. What was the London Blitz?

The Blitz refers to the 53 nights of London bombings. Before German troops could invade Britain, Hitler had to destroy the Royal Air Force. Night after night, bombs hit Britain. The nightly attacks were designed to break British fighting spirit. Though thousands were killed and houses and property were destroyed, the British refused to give up. Eventually, the Luftwaffe gave up.

47. What happened as a result of Hitler’s plan to attack Russia? What were some difficulties the German’s faced as they moved to attack Russia?

On June 22, 1941 Hitler attacked Russia, going against their non-aggression pact. Now the Germans had to fight a two front war. Transporting troops to the Russian border was difficult, and the soldiers were unprepared for the cold Russian winter.

48. Describe the Battle of Stalingrad.

The Battle of Stalingrad was a battle between Nazi Germany and its allies and the Soviet Union for the Soviet city of Stalingrad that took place between August 21st 1942 and February 2nd 1943 as part of World War II. It proved to be the most important turning point in World War II and was arguably the bloodiest battle in human history, with combined casualties suffered reaching close to 2 million. Eventually, the German troops surrendered.

49. What was the Dunkirk evacuation?

In May 1940, British and French troops in France were evacuated from the seaport town of Dunkirk after being surrounded by the advancing Germans. But all the war equipment had to be left behind. Defeated, the soldiers sought refuge in England. If the troops had been unable to evacuate, both armies could have been completely destroyed.

50. What was the Raid of Dieppe? Why was it a catastrophe?

In August 1942, an allied plan was hatched to send Canadian and British troops to test the German forces along the French coast at Dieppe. It was supposed to be a quick punch to the Germans. “Operation Jubilee”. The mission was a complete FAILURE. Of the 5000 soldiers who landed on the beach, only 2200 returned to Britain. The sea and air support was not enough. Military planners learned from these mistakes to help plan D-Day.

51. Describe Japanese expansion before and during WWII?

• Japan conquered Manchuria

• Continued invading small countries and islands around the pacific

52. What was the attack on Pearl Harbour?

On December 7 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour, bringing the United States into the war. Pearl Harbour was a military base in Hawaii. The attack could have been seen as a failure because at the time of the attack, a large portion of the US Navy fleet as well as the air craft carrier was not docked, and therefore were left unharmed.

53. What was the Battle of Hong Kong over? How were Canadians involved?

Hong Kong was a vital British colony. The Canadian troops in Hong Kong were the fist to see active battle. The Japanese forces attacked with artillery and airplanes. Sergent-Major John Osborne won Canada’s first Victoria Cross by jumping onto a live grenade to save his unit. Although they fought hard, they were forced to surrender on December 25, 1941. For those not killed or injured, they were taken as Prisoners of War and forced to work in Japanese prison camps.

54. How were Canadians involved in the Italian Campaign? Operation Husky? Ortona?

On July 10 1943, Canadian, British and American forces attacked Sicily from the sea. Operation Husky was spearhead by the Canadian 1st Division lead by General Guy Simonds. The Italian people had lost the will to fight and Mussolini was driven out of power. Hitler sent hundred of thousand of troops to hold Italy. By December 1943, the Canadians had moved up the east coast of the mainland to the city of Ortona. Canadians fought furiously and bravely and after a week, they captured the city. Canadian had gained a reputation as “elite street fighters”.

55. What is rationing? What was rationed?

Rationing means that the government limited the amount a person could buy/use as well as ensured that everyone got a fair share of goods. People were encouraged not to hoard food and to stretch out supplies as much as possible. Some good because scarce because they were need for the war. Ration cards were needed to buy gasoline, butter, sugar, meat, tea and coffee.

56. What was the purpose of the War Time Prices and Trade Board?

The Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) was established to control prices and supervise the distribution of food and other scarce goods.

57. Who was C.D. Howe?

C.D. Howe, Minister of Munitions and Supply, was responsible for the upturn in Canada’s economy. He organized Canadian companies to quickly turn out war materials. He had greater control over the lives of workers and businesspeople than any one person in Canada had ever had before. He was known as “The Minister of Everything”.

58. What war time supplies were mass produced?

Canada became an industrial powerhouse, with it’s munitions factories turning out bombs, shells, and bullets. Shipbuilding became the 2nd largest employer. Automobile plants began producing war vehicles. Germans were told to keep Canadian-made Jeeps because they were made better than German ones. The primary industries provided large amounts of wheat, flour, cheese, fish, ham and meat to supply the British and Allies with supplies. Profits made from 1943 were triple what they were from 1918. (3.7 billion).

59. Briefly outline the 4 agreements that helped to develop US-Canadian relationships.

|1940 Ogdensburg Agreement |1941 Hyde Park Agreement |

|Provided for a Canadian-American Permanent Join Board of Defense.|Since the Lend-Lease Agreement, Britain was buying less war |

|The Board aimed to improve the defense of both countries. |materials from Canada. This agreement insured that the US would |

| |buy more supplies from Canada. Also, it stated that Britain could|

| |buy Canadian materials under the Lend-Lease Agreement and not |

| |have to pay up front |

|1941 Lend-Lease Agreement |1942-1943 Alaska Highway |

|Made it easier for Britain to buy American military supplies with|To protect against a Japanese attack, the Us built a highway that|

|the US remaining neutral. The US made war materials and was to |crossed through Canada. This remote area became like another |

|send them to any country they saw fit. Britain was also allowed |American state during the construction. A pipeline was also |

|to postpone payments on the goods. |built. |

60. What was Camp X?

Camp X, hidden on the shore of Lake Ontario, was the first wartime spy training camp in North American. Its purpose was to train Allied agents in the techniques of secret warfare. Among those trained at Camp X were: secret agents and spies from enemy occupied Europe, French-speaking Canadians for under-cover work in France, Yugoslav Canadians sent back to their homeland, spy catchers, espionage and intelligence gatherers, and radio operators to transmit sensitive and top-secret information.

61. Who was William Stephenson?

William Stephenson was the director of Camp X. (code name “Intrepid”.)

62. What is PM King promise at the beginning of the war?

At the beginning of the war, Kind promised that no one would be forced to fight. This promise was made mostly to French-speaking Canadians. He wanted to avoid tearing the country apart over the issue of Conscription like it did in WWI.

63. What was the National Resources Mobilization Act?

In 1940, the National Resources Mobilization Act required that ll adult males register for national service, but only within Canada. No one would be forced to fight overseas.

64. What is a plebiscite?

In 1942, King decided to hold a plebiscite in which all citizens were asked if the were in favour of releasing the government from their promise of no conscription. 9 of the 10 provinces voted for conscription.

65. What is King’s famous quote concerning the conscription issue?

“Not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary”.

66. How did women take an active role in fight the war?

For the first time, women became an active part of the armed forces. Canada created the Canadian Women’s Army Corps, the Canadian Women’s Auxiliary Air Force and the Women’s Royal Canadian naval Service. By the end of WWII there were 50 000 women in the military.

67. Who were the Allied leaders in WWII? Axis?

|Allied Leaders |“Enemy” Leaders |

|Canada – PM King |Germany – Adolf Hitler |

|US – Pres. Roosevelt and Truman |Russia – Josef Stalin |

|Britain – PM Churchill |Italy – Mussolini |

|France - Charles De Gaulle |Japan –Hirohito |

68. Who were important Canadian generals during WWII?

• General Andrew G.L. McNaughton

• Lieutenant-General Guy G. Simonds

69. Who were important Germany generals during WWII?

• Himmler – in control of the secret police

• Goerring – right-hand man, head of the Luftwaffe

• Goebbles – propaganda chief

• Rohm – header of the Germany military, a threat, mudered

70. Who were important American generals during WWII?

• General Dwight Eisenhower

• General Douglas McArthur

71. Who were important British generals during WWII?

• Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery

72. What was the Manhattan Project?

The Manhattan Project was the named used when referring to the development of the atomic bomb. Both Allied and German scientists were engaged in a top-secret race to produce the first ever atomic bomb. Louis Slotin was a Canadian scientist working on this project who was killed in an experiment accident.

73. What was the main ingredient used to make an atomic bomb?

The Canadian government secretly supplied uranium for the project; it was the most vital ingredient for the atomic bomb.

74. What was Area 51?

On July 16 1945, the Allies successfully tested the first atomic bomb in the desert of New Mexico. This area was known as Area 51.

75. When and where was the first atomic bomb dropped? What was the first bomb called?

On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb (little boy) on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

76. When and where was the second atomic bomb dropped?

On August 9, 1945, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.

77. What are the affects of an atomic bomb? How many people were killed at known each city bombed?

The atomic bomb is capable of mass destruction. The blast fattened all buildings, reducing them to rubble. In Hiroshima, 70 000 people died. In Nagasaki, 35 000. Radioactive debris was deposited by "black rain" that fell heavily for over an hour over a wide area. Within a few days, survivors of the blast developed fever and burns. Othe found their hair falling out, their gums bleeding, or their skin rotting away. These illnesses were caused by massive amount of radiation.

78. When did Japan surrender? What is this day as?

Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. This day is known as VJ Day.

79. Why were Japanese Canadians discriminated against? What is meant by “yellow peril”?

Japanese Canadians were thought to be enemy spies. Fear of Asians.

80. How was the War Measure Act used to fill Japanese Internment Camps?

Under the War Measures Act, the Canadian cabinet was able to imprison all Japanese nationals and Canadians citizens of Japanese decent. Japanese were taken from their homes, packed into trains, and sent to internment camps in the interior of BC. The Japanese in the fishing industry were the first to be evacuated. There were rumours that Canada would be attacked that that the Japanese were navy officers send to spy on BC waters. In February 1942, the Canadian government decided to move all Japanese Canadians away from the coast to inland centers. They said they did this to prevent spying which could lead to an enemy invasion and to protect Japanese Canadians from anti-Japanese riots.

81. What was the Japanese Property Claims Commission?

In 1946, a Japanese Property Claims Commission was set up. It was to review the claims of those who felt they had not been treated fairly. Although in some cases additional money was made available, it never compensated for what was lost. The Canadian government didn’t formally apologize until 1988.

82. What is a convey system?

A convey system was a group of fifty or sixty supply ships that traveled together. They were accompanied by corvettes, smalls fast vessels that keeps the group together and looked out for German u-boats.

83. How was the RCN vital to the survival of Britain during WWII?

Britain and later Russia depended on food and other supplies from North America for survival. It was the job of the Navy and Air Force that cargo crossed the Atlantic ocean safely. Getting vital supplies to Britain was Canada’s most decisive contribution.

84. Describe the Allied bombing strategy?

In 1942, the systematic bombing of German cities began. The aim was to destroy German industries, railways, highways, bridges, and oil refineries. Allied air chiefs also decided to try to destroy the fighting German spirit by mercilessly pounding the cities from the air. One of the famous raid of the war was the “Dambusters”. Canadian bombers took part in the daring raid on hydroelectric installations in the Ruhr valley. Two dams were blown.

85. What was D-day? How did Canadians contribute to this operation? Why was this operation so successful?

D-Day or the Day of Deliverance was June 6 1945. It marked the beginning of the Allies effort to liberate Europe from Nazi occupation. 3 million troops crossed from England (over the English Channel) to Normandy, France. Germans on the coast were overwhelmed by bombers, air raid, parachutists, and thousands of Allied troops. The Canadians landed at Juno Beach.

86. Why does Holland send Ottawa tulips every year?

Canadian forces were responsible for liberating the people of Holland from Nazi occupation. After liberating them, the Canadian forces took on the responsibility of feeding the starving Dutch population. Also the Dutch Princess Margriet was born in Ottawa, where the royal family was living during the war. The hospital in which she were born was officially turned into Dutch territory so that the princess could retain her Dutch nationality. To thank Canadians, Holland send Ottawa tulips every year.

87. When was the city of Berlin captured? By whom?

By April 1945, Soviet troops were in Berlin. On May 1 1945, Berlin was captured.

88. When was VE day? Why was it significant?

May 8 1945 is VE Day (Victory in Europe). This day officially ended the fighting in Europe.

89. What happened to Hitler?

On April 30 1945, Hitler committed suicide.

90. What were the outcome/effects of WWII? Casualties?

The total number of casualties is an estimated 50 million. 6 million Jews were killed. The global depression was over. Canada’s economy had exploded. The GNP has tripled.

91. What happened to Germany after the war?

Germany was divided into 4 quarters. Britain, France, the United States and Russia were each given a quarter. Berlin, the capital of Germany, was also divided.

The Cold War and Canada in the New Millennium

(1945 – present)

1. Who was Igor Gouzenko? What did he uncover?

2. Post-WWII, who were the world’s superpowers?

3. What is meant by the phrase “Canada was a middle power”?

4. What is a cold war? Why was it a cold war?

5. Why were there tensions between the 2 superpowers?

6. What is democracy? Communism? What type of society do we live in?

7. What were some changes made to Canada’s Foreign Policy post-WWII?

8. Describe the 5 W’s of the United Nations.

9. What is collective security?

10. Describe the structure of the United Nations.

11. What is a veto? Which 5 world powers were given vetos?

12. Who was Lester Person?

13. What are some ways in which Canada contributed to the United Nations?

14. What is a refugee? How did the United Nation help war refugees?

15. Describe the main points of John Humphrey’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

16. What was Canada’s judicial policy concerning war criminals?

17. Why did PM Churchill say Europe had been split by an “iron curtain”?

18. What is NATO? The Warsaw Pact?

19. What is NORAD?

20. Why were 3 lines of radar systems necessary? What were the 3 systems called?

21. What was the issue of artic soverenty over? How did Canada solve this problem?

22. What was the SS Manhatten? Where did it sail through?

23. How was Germany left after WWII?

24. How was Berlin left after WWII?

25. What was the Berlin Airlift?

26. What was the Berlin wall?

27. Briefly describe the Cuban Missle Crisis.

28. What was the Marshall Plan?

29. What was the Colombo Plan? Multilateral?

30. What was the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade? (GATT)

31. What types of people made up the first wave of immigrants post-WWII?

32. What types of people made up the second wave of immigrants post-WWII?

33. What was the avro aero? Why did PM Diefenbaker halt production?

34. What is a suburb?

35. What was the baby boom?

36. Briefly describe the economic upswings of this era.

37. What were French-English relations like during this era?

38. Who was Maurice Duplessis?

39. Who was Jean Lesage?

40. What is meant by “Quiet Revolution”?

41. What is meant by “masters in our own home”?

42. Who were the FLQ?

43. What happened in Montreal at Expo ’67 concerning Charles Du Gaulle?

44. Who is René Lévesque? What was the Parti Québécois? What were the party’s objectives?

45. What was the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism?

46. Why did Canada get a new flag?

47. What did the Official Languages Act of 1969 change?

48. Who was Tommy Douglas and what did he introduce?

49. What is welfare?

50. Briefly explain Family Allowance.

51. Briefly explain Unemployment Insurance.

52. Briefly explain Health Care.

53. Briefly explain Old Age Security.

54. Describe the post-war Labour Movement.

55. Describe the post-war Human and Civil Rights Movement.

56. Describe the post-war Aboriginal Political Movements.

57. Describe the post-war Womens Movement.

58. Who was Martin Luther King Jr.?

59. Describe multiculturism in Canada.

60. What was the October Crisis? Who were the two men kidnapped? Who were the kidnappers?

61. How did the government take action?

62. What was the Official Languages Act or Bill 22?

63. When did the Parti Québécois come to power?

64. What was Bill 101?

65. Describe the referendum of 1980?

66. What is meant by sovereignty association?

67. Describe the 3 main points on the Constitution in 1982.

68. What does the Charter of Rights and Freedoms protect?

69. Why was Quebec outraged?

70. What did the Immigration Act of 1978 change?

71. What was the purpose of the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunication Commission?

72. What happened in Montreal in 1976?

73. What happened during the Canada-Russia Summit Series of 1972?

74. Who was Paul Henderson?

75. When did Canada get a national anthem?

76. Explain the “beaver and the elephant” analogy.

77. What was the Meech Lake Accord on 1987?

78. What was the Charlottown Accord?

79. Who were the Bloc Québécois?

80. Who was Lucien Bouchard?

81. Who was Jacque Parizeau?

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