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World History: Unit 5 Test - Absolutism & Scientific RevolutionCopernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo all contributed to what scientific theory, one which challenged Biblical standards and upset many Christian churches?Deism, or the theory that God does not interfere in the universe He createdHeliocentrism, or the theory that the earth is in orbit around a stationary sunEvolution, or the theory that all life on Earth has evolved through adaptation over millions of yearsAtomism, or the theory that all matter is made up of minute particlesBetween 1642 and 1649, England was engaged in a Civil War fought between "Cavaliers" and "Roundheads." Whom did each of these factions support?Cavaliers supported American colonists, while Roundheads supported English homelandersCavaliers supported King Charles I, while Roundheads supported ParliamentCavaliers supported Protestants, while Roundheads supported CatholicsCavaliers supported the Scottish, while Roundheads supported the IrishWhat happened to King Charles I after he failed in his efforts to establish absolute monarchy in England?Charles was forced to flee to safety in FranceCharles was executed by Parliament for his abuses of royal powerCharles was allowed to remain king in title only, but all of his governing powers were strippedCharles escaped any serious penalty due to his position as head of the Church of EnglandWhat two new major powers emerged from the wreckage of the Thirty Years War?Austria and PrussiaPoland and LithuaniaBelgium and The NetherlandsItaly and GermanyWhat was accomplished by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?The Thirty Years War was ended, shattering The Holy Roman Empire into hundreds of small statesThe War of the Austrian Succession was ended, placing Maria Theresa on the throne of AustriaThe English Civil War ended with the surrender of the New Model ArmyThe Protestant Reformation ended with the reconciliation of the various Protestant sects with the Catholic ChurchLouis XIV nearly bankrupted France with his heavy spending on unsuccessful wars and the construction and maintenance of the palace at Versailles. What was the purpose of Versailles?It provided the king with a secure fortress which protected him from potential rebellionsIt allowed the king to house the nobility of France, keeping them nearby and under his controlIt's position far from the French capital of Paris allowed the king to relax and ignore state affairsIt served as the seat of the pope, allowing the king to maintain control over the Catholic ChurchCharles V, King of Spain, is often considered to be one of the first monarchs to practice "absolutism." What does it mean to be an "absolute" monarch?The king allows his nation to practice mercantilismThe king rejects the philosophy of "divine right"The king shares power with a legislatureThe king has complete, unquestioned authority over the governmentIn 1588, King Philip II of Spain attempted an invasion of England, constructing a fleet of 130 ships known as the "Spanish Armada;" his ambitions were spoiled, however, by bad weather and English ingenuity. What was the long term impact of the failure of the Spanish Armada for Spain?Spain and England remain bitter enemies to this daySpain's economy was ruined by the loss of the Spanish Armada, greatly weakening their powerThe pope condemned Spanish aggression, causing the Spanish to abandon Catholicism in favor of ProtestantismThe people of Spain, embarrassed by the defeat, overthrew the monarchy in favor of a republicWhat major breakthrough in medicine was achieved during the Scientific Revolution?The discovery of antibiotics such as penicillin to combat infectionThe use of plaster casts to set broken bonesThe discovery of the importance of proper diagnosis of diseases in order to prescribe treatmentThe use of stitches to close wounds and promote healingCogito ergo sum - "I think, therefore I am" - was the basis of a new approach to scientific thinking developed by Rene Descartes, known as ...EmpiricismRationalismAbsolutismCapitalismFrancis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry embodied which of the following concepts?Greek classicismCareful physical observation and experimentationExhaustive trial and errorCartesian dualismSir Isaac Newton's contributions to science included all of the following EXCEPT ...the development of calculusthe theory of gravity based on the laws of motionthe first accurate spring operated clocka better understanding of the visible spectrum of light Blaise Pascal believed that ...man can come to know God only through pure reasonChristians should trust only what God has revealed in the Holy Scriptures, never scienceGod can be known only through faith, not through reasonGod is a fiction, created by humans to explain natural forces they do not understandWhat belief was King Louis XIV of France promoting when he referred to himself as the "Sun King" and proclaimed "I am the state!"?Constitutional monarchyAbsolutismEnlightened despotismInflationary capitalismIn which of the following ways did Peter the Great exert influence over the boyars (nobles) of Russia?Through forcing them to adopt Roman Catholicism as their religionThrough freeing Russia's serfs and putting a greater tax burden on the nobilityThrough restricting trade with Western European statesThrough forcing them to dress and groom themselves like Western EuropeansWhat was the objective of the Gunpowder Treason?To kill England's King James I and replace him with a Catholic monarchTo steal sufficient enough guns to support the rebellious Scots during the English Civil WarTo carry out a genocide against the Irish peopleTo replace England's King James II with his more Parliament-friendly daughter MaryWhat prevented the monarchs of England from ever successfully establishing an absolutist system of government?England's religious divisionsParliament's control of taxationThe rebellion of England's American coloniesThe monarch's dual role as both political leader and head of the Church of EnglandWhich of the following best describes the Glorious Revolution?A period of intense scientific research, leading to new ideas about the natural laws which control the universeThe Westernization of Russia under Peter the Great, making Russia one of the great powers of EuropeThe bloodless removal of the unpopular King James II of England and expansion of Parliamentary power under his replacements, William & MaryThe destruction of the English monarchy with the victory of Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army during the English Civil WarWhy is the signing of the English Bill of Rights by William & Mary seen as a pivotal moment in British history?It allowed for the development of a constitutional monarchy, eventually moving both England and America towards more democratic systems of governmentIt allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth, a period of British history where there was no king or queen as head of stateIt dissolved the British Empire, freeing many of Britain’s colonies, such as Ireland, Canada, and AustraliaIt divided British Parliament into two houses (a bicameral system), the House of Lords (upper house) and the House of Commons (lower house)Which of the following was an accomplishment of French scientist Antoine Lavoisier?The discovery of the laws of motionThe development of the metric system of measurementThe development of an explanation for the functions of the heart, veins, and arteriesThe discovery of an inverse relationship between pressure and volume in gasesWhich of the following religious groups was so heavily persecuted under King James I of England that they emigrated to America in order to exercise their religious freedoms?The AnglicansThe JewsMembers of the Church of EnglandThe PuritansWhich of the following was the biggest change to the English Church under King James I?A newly translated version of the Bible for use in worship servicesThe abolishment of the MassA switch from baptizing infants to only baptizing consenting adultsThe legalization of divorceIn general, what was the biggest challenge for scientists such as Galileo and Newton? Convincing absolutist monarchs to allow their researchReconciling their religious beliefs with their scientific findingsGaining funding from the ultraconservative universities of their dayOvercoming Europeans’ prejudicial attitudes towards JewsWhich of the following traits did the “Enlightened Despots” have in common?Promoting freedom of speechFreeing the serfs in their countriesReligious toleranceWidespread popularity amongst their peopleIn class we discussed twelve major issues addressed by the English Bill of Rights. List four of these issues. Any that you can list beyond four will count as 1 point each of extra credit, BUT any that you list which are incorrect will cancel out 1 point of extra credit. (You will still get full basic credit, so long as you have four correct answers, regardless of the number of incorrect responses) ................
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