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Reference sheets for your health screening report★ Your test resultsHere we would like to give a brief itemized explanation of the check-up items we couldn’t explain on the day of your health screening, especially the blood and urine tests, as well as the meaning of those tests about which questions are most frequently asked.Your outcome may fall outside the normal range but that doesn’t necessarily mean that it is an undesirable result. It can be difficult for a test to be considered abnormal after only one result. It could be because of the nature of the test, your health condition on the day of your health screening or your constitutional changes. Also, it is important to see not just one item but also its relationship with other items.With regard to particular results including those by consultation and findings, it is vital to improve your life style and have follow-up treatment or a plan for a re-examination or?a thorough examination in a calm manner. ★ X-ray TestAs for X-ray tests of the oesophagus, abdomen and duodenum, a brief interpretation of the images was given at examination based on the images developed immediately after being taken. The attending doctor in charge of your health screening and the consultant radiologist will make a comprehensive diagnosis regarding the images and inform you of their findings. Having the images studied by more than one doctor not only prevents oversights but also allows for additional opinions for a better diagnosis. Therefore, findings which were not mentioned at your examination may be added to your report. ★ Test results for childrenSome children don’t understand the test methods for vision and hearing, so it’s possible that the values may not be correct. We kindly ask for your understanding.Our doctors will make an assessment in a comprehensive manner in accordance with the contents of the consultations and general findings. ★ For inquiriesIf there is anything unclear with regard to the contents of the report or further procedures, please feel free to contact us by telephone, Website or e-mail to check-up@japangreen.co.uk. Further, we will maintain confidentiality regarding any information from our clients.As to inquiries that are not relevant to medical check-ups, we may decline to give an answer at the discretion of the medical check-up department. Thank you for your understanding. Japan Green Medical Centre Last updated in May 2018　 Physical measurements Body mass index (BMI)You can calculate your BMI by dividing your weight in kilograms by the square of your height in meters (BMI = kg/m2). Body mass index (BMI) is a measurement based on height and weight as it relates to body fat, and can be used to determine how much risk a person has of developing certain health problems because of his or her weight. As a point of reference, someone with a BMI of 27 is approximately 20% overweight. The higher the BMI, the greater the risk a person has of developing additional health problems. Waist circumferenceThis marker is regulated in the specific medical examination and health guidance in Japan to define abdominal obesity. The cut-off points for Japanese are set at 85 cm in men and 90 cm in women. Head and chest circumference This is one of the markers of growth development in a new born. The changing growth curves relating to months will be used as a reference. Visual acuity Uncorrected visual acuity and corrected visual acuityA visual acuity of 1.0 or better has been normal standard. If you're short-sighted, distant objects will appear fuzzy or blurred and you might find that you narrow your eyes to make far away objects seem clearer. If you’re long-sighted, you won’t be able to focus on objects which are close to you. Hearing 1000Hz, 4000HzHearing is measured at frequencies of 1000Hz/4000Hz by using an audiometer. The frequency of the sound is measured in Hertz (Hz), and the loudness of the sound is measured in decibels (dB). The test will indicate hearing problems at early stage or difficulty in hearing for various reasons. Common hearing loss includes ‘aging ear’ and ‘noise-induced hearing loss’.FundoscopyA fundoscopy is a procedure in which the back part of the eye is examined. It is to observe blood vessels, retina, optic nerve, etc. to identify patients at risk from eye diseases such as retinal detachment, haemorrhage in the eye-ground and glaucoma. Intraocular pressureAn intraocular pressure test is to measure tension or pressure of the eye ball, to screen for ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Blood pressure Systolic pressure and Diastolic pressureAs the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, which carry blood from heart to arteries, to the aorta → small arteries → peripheral capillary, and back from the veins to the heart. Blood pressure is made by the movement of contracting and dilating blood vessels to pump blood smoothly around the whole body. Even in the same person, measured blood pressure varies due to various factors such as your emotional state, the environment for the measurement, measuring time, body position and so on. High blood pressure130/85mm Hg or above is considered high in our clinic, according to the criteria recommended by the WHO. Low blood pressureLow blood pressure is not defined by a universally accepted value. Systolic arterial pressure of 80 mm Hg or lower which doesn’t fall within the normal range is generally considered low. However, even though you are in this category, you won’t be treated as a patient with hypotension. If your blood pressure is low and you have symptoms such as dizziness, you might have orthostatic hypotension.General examination History taking inquiriesThe doctor will ask you questions about changes of conditions, past illnesses, the use of medication and so on. Physical examinationA physical examination of the head, neck, chest and stomach areas and the extremities will be performed. (An adult’s examination is different to that of a child’s)Resting electrocardiogramAn electrocardiogram is a test which measures the electrical activity of your heart to show whether or not it is working normally by measuring the changing low voltages as the heart muscles contract. It is a simple test that can provide a lot of useful information and identify problems with your heart such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart hypertrophy, etc. Haematology Hemoglobin (Hb)Hb is the major component of red blood cells and its function is to transport oxygen. It also acts to buffer carbon dioxide formed during metabolic activity. The Hb level is important in the detection and follow up treatment for anaemia etc. Hematocrit (Ht)The percentage of blood that is red blood cells. The determination of which is important in the detection and follow up treatment for anaemia etc. Red Blood Cell (RBC) The erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are the most common part of blood cells. They carry out the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues. White Blood Cell (WBC) The leukocytes, or white blood cells, defend the body against infecting organisms and foreign agents, both in the tissues and in the bloodstream itself. The number increases in the presence of infection. Platelet (PLT)In minor injuries, small oval bodies called platelets, or thrombocytes, tend to collect and form plugs in blood vessel openings. To control bleeding from vessels larger than capillaries a clot must form at the point of injury. The coagulation of the blood is also initiated by the blood platelets. MCV Mean corpuscular volume　 MCH Mean cell haemoglobin MCHC Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration　The above values are markers to identify red cell shape while testing for types of anaemia.The level of the values will be used to classify the sizes of red cells, the concentration of haemoglobin and the type of anaemia. The doctor uses these values to choose what type of detailed examination is needed. WBC differential count (%)White blood cells are classified into several types depending on their character. If you are healthy, the ratio of cells is mostly maintained at a constant but if you are unhealthy, the ratio will change. Studying the changes in ratio allows the doctor to identify probable diseases.Diabetic profile Fasting blood glucoseGlucose is a type of sugar found in fruits and many other foods. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Most of the carbohydrates that people eat are turned into glucose, which can be used for energy or stored in the liver and kidneys as glycogen.This is a typical screening test for abnormalities in sugar metabolism (the biochemical process that allows your body to form, breakdown and convert glucose) and higher-than-normal blood glucose levels may be a sign of diabetes. You may have increased blood sugar levels if you have pancreatic or liver disease. Common causes of a low sugar level in the body include onset of diseases that produces too much insulin and poor nutrition. HbA1cTest results help monitor the long-term control of blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. Most doctors consider the glycohemoglobin A1c level most effective in monitoring the control of diabetes. ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rateIt is a test to measure the speed that the red blood cells in a tube of blood fall to the bottom of the tube. A rising ESR can mean an increase in inflammation, anaemia (low level of red blood cells), a reduction of albumin in the blood, an increase in immunoglobulin and so on. Urine testUrinalysisA urine test measures several different components of urine chemically. Normally, the test is performed by dipping a urine test strip into the urine. PH　The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline (basic) the urine is. A urine pH of 4 is strongly acidic, 7 is neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), and 9 is strongly alkaline. GlucoseGlucose is the type of sugar usually found in blood. Normally there is very little or no glucose in urine. However, when the blood sugar level is very high, as in uncontrolled diabetes, it spills over into the urine. Glucose can also be present in urine when the kidneys are damaged or diseased. KetonesWhen fat is broken down for energy, the body produces by-products called ketones (or ketone bodies) and releases them into the urine. Large amounts of ketones in the urine may signal a dangerous condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis. A diet low in sugars and starches (carbohydrates), starvation, or prolonged vomiting may also cause ketones in the urine. ProteinProtein is normally not detected in the urine. Sometimes a small amount of protein is released into the urine when a person stands up (this condition is called postural proteinuria). Fever, strenuous exercise, normal pregnancy, and some diseases (especially kidney disease) may also cause protein in the urine. Occult blood　Occult blood indicates the presence of red blood cells. It implies nephritis, kidney stones, kidney tumour, bladder inflammation and so on. Protein in the urine can be a symptom of inflammation of the kidney and it needs to be identified. Your doctor will use abdominal ultrasound imaging to detect kidney stones or a kidney tumour, and check the appearance of white blood cells in urine to determine the presence of a urinary tract infection as typified by cystitis. Bilirubin 　Bilirubin is a product of the breakdown of haemoglobin, which is the protein inside red blood cells. When urine bilirubin becomes positive it means something is wrong in the biliary tract or the liver or due to diathesis. NitrateThis test detects nitrites that are supplied mainly by vegetables and is based upon the fact that many bacteria can convert nitrate to nitrite in your urine. Nitrite and nitrate as markershave been used, and a positive nitrate test indicates inflammation. Urobilinogen　 Urobilinogen is a product of bilirubin reduction, and it is formed in the intestines by bacterial action. Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed, taken up into the circulation and excreted by the kidneys. When urine urobilinogen is too low or too high, if indicates liver diseases or hemolysis (shortened red blood cell survival). Leucocyte　An inflammation of the urinary tract can cause leukocytes to appear in the urine. Common inflammations include cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis and so on. Urine sedimentIn Microscopic analysis, urine is spun in a centrifuge so the solid materials (sediment) settle out. The sediment is spread on a slide and examined under a microscope. Investigation of urinary sediment such as cells, blood cells, crystals, etc. for various reasons is used to help predict diseases of the kidney and urine tract. The factors that suggesteach abnormality include: WBC (White blood cells): urinary-tract infection, inflammation of the urinary tract without infection, etc. RBC (Red blood cells): urinary-tract infection, various types of nephritis, tumour of the urinary tract, stones, etc. Epithelial cells: cystitis, urethritis, etc. Bacteria: urinary-tract infection, contamination with bacteria when collecting urine samples, etc. Crystal: urinary tract stone, gout, etc. Urinary casts: various types of nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, etc.Stool analysis Fecal occult blood testA positive fecal occult blood test means that blood has been found in the stool and it indicates some lesions in the digestive tract including the mouth, gullet, stomach, smallintestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, etc. and bleeding from there.-70485784860Colonic cancer screening00Colonic cancer screening Parasite ovaIf you've had extended problems with diarrhoea or parasitosis in children, parasite ova might be detected. This is the new colonic cancer screening test by detecting cancerous DNA present in stool. The sensitivity of this test is approximately 92 percent (it rules out colonic cancer by 92 % chance if the test is negative).Biochemistry Protein, Albumin and GlobulinAlbumin is the most abundant protein in human plasma, constituting 50 to 70% of total protein. This decreases in cases of liver disease, malnutrition and kidney disease etc.Globulin the two serum proteins measured to assess liver function are albumin and globulin. Values for total serum proteins range from 6 to 8 g/dl. Of this total, between 52 and 68% (3.5-5g/dl) is albumin; the remainder are globulins. A/G ratio The A:G ratio is a calculation derived from total protein and albumin measurements. Total CholesterolCholesterol is a type of fat (called a lipid) that the body uses to help build cells and produce certain hormones. However, too much cholesterol in the blood may increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and coronary artery disease. HDL Cholesterol, LDL CholesterolHDL (high-density lipoprotein) is the “good” cholesterol. It is made mostly of protein and contains only a small amount of fat. HDL cholesterol helps clear LDL (low-density lipoprotein) or “bad” cholesterol from the body. TriglycerideTriglyceride is a type of fat the body uses to store energy. Only a small amount of triglyceride is found in the blood. A high triglyceride level along with high LDL cholesterol may mean more of a risk for heart disease than having only a high LDL cholesterol level. CholinesteraseCholinesterase is a family of enzymes synthesised by the liver. High values are often associated with fatty liver, nephrotic syndrome, hyperthyroidism, diabetes and so on. On the other hand, mal-nutrition, pesticide poisoning, severe liver failure, etc. will lower the level. Sodium (Na)Sodium helps regulate the water balance (the amount of fluid inside and surrounding the cells) and electrolyte balance of the body. Sodium also plays an important role in nerve and muscle functions. Potassium (K)Potassium levels can be affected by kidney function, blood pH, the amount of potassium in the diet, hormone levels in the body, excessive vomiting, and by taking certain medications (including potassium supplements). Chloride (CI) Chloride helps keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of cells in balance. It also helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of body fluids.?Calcium（Ca）Many calcium contained in the human body is distributed in the bones, but calcium in the blood plays an important role in the movement of the muscles, and so on. Abnormalities in calcium levels suggest bone-related abnormalities, endocrine disorders, etc. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. BUN test is done to estimate how well the kidneys are functioning. If the kidneys are not able to remove urea from the blood normally, the BUN level increases. CreatinineCreatinine is a waste product formed by the breakdown of a substance (creatine) important for converting food into energy (metabolism). If the kidneys are damaged and cannot function normally, the amount of creatinine in the urine decreases while the amount of creatinine in the blood increases. Uric Acid Most of the uric acid is eliminated from the body in urine; the rest passes out of the body in stools. High levels of uric acid in the blood can cause the excess uric acid to be deposited in the body's joints, leading to a form of arthritis called gout. High levels of uric acid may also lead to kidney failure or result in the formation of uric acid kidney stones. Serum Iron (Fe) Iron (Fe) is an essential mineral for the proper function of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. It is also needed for proper muscle and organ function. Amylase Amylase is produced by the pancreas and salivary glands and released into the mouth, stomach, and intestines. See an illustration of the pancreas, the stomach, or the intestines. Normally, only low levels of amylase are found in the blood or urine. However, if the pancreas or salivary glands become damaged or blocked, more amylase is usually released into the blood and urine.Liver function GOT (AST) GOT (AST) is an enzyme found mainly in liver, heart, red blood cells, and muscle tissue. When an organ (such as the heart or liver) or body tissue is impaired or damaged, additional AST is released into the bloodstream. GPT (ALT) GPT (ALT) is an enzyme found mainly in the liver. GPT(ALT) is measured to determine whether the liver is damaged or diseased. Both ALT and AST levels are reliable indicators of liver damage. ALP Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme produced primarily in the liver and in bone. Some conditions can release large amounts of ALP into the bloodstream. These conditions include rapid bone growth (during puberty), bone disease (osteomalacia or Paget’s disease), or damaged liver cells. γGTP γGTP is especially responsive to obstructive hepatobiliary diseases and is sensitive to chemical metabolites such as ethanol. LDH LDH levels are analysed to help diagnose heart attack, lung disease, lymphoma, anaemia, and liver disease. Total Bilirubin The most obvious symptom of high bilirubin levels is jaundice, a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes appear yellow. Jaundice is caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood and skin from liver disease (hepatitis), blood disorders (hemolytic anaemia), or blockage of the tubes (bile ducts) that allow bile to pass from the liver to the small intestine.Hepatitis test Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) Hepatitis B surface antigen is a marker of infectivity. Its presence indicates either acute or chronic HBV infection. ? A person who has HBsAg in his or her blood can pass HBV to others. ? A person who has HBsAg in his or her blood for 6 months or longer has chronic HBV infection. Hepatitis B surface Antibody (HBsAb) Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen is a marker of immunity. Its presence indicates an immune response to HBV infection, an immune response to vaccination, or the presence of passively acquired antibody. Other Hepatitis B surface Antigen and Antibody The tests will be performed as a part of a thorough examination when HBsAg is positive. For further information, please ask a doctor in charge of the tests at the hospital or clinic where you will have a thorough examination, etc. Hepatitis A (HAV) antibody testIf your blood tests come back as 'positive for HAV' this might mean that you have had the virus in the past but are no longer infectious. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody test The presence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies may indicate either an active infection or a past infection. The test cannot distinguish between an acute or chronic infection or determine whether infection with HCV has been cured.SerologyTumor marker α-Feto protein (AFT)　 In a non-pregnant adult, a high alpha-fetoprotein value can indicate cancer of the liver, testicles, or ovaries. High values can also indicate liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)CEA may be found in the blood of people who are heavy smokers or who have some types of cancer, especially cancers of the pancreas, large intestine (colon and rectum), breast, or lung. Some other diseases may also raise CEA levels. Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)CA-125 is used as a tumor marker—an indicator of some types of cancer, especially ovarian cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)The amount of PSA in the blood normally increases as a man's prostate enlarges with age. It is also increased by inflammation of the prostate gland (prostatitis) and by prostate cancer. Cancer antigen19-9 (CA19-9)Cancer antigen 19-9 is a protein that exists on the surface of certain cells mainly in organs in the digestive system such as pancreas, gallbladder, etc. Higher CA19-9 values should raise the suspicion of the existence of cancers including pancreas cancer, biliary cancer, gastric cancer and bowel cancer.SyphilisThere are several methods used to test for syphilis: TPHA and RPR tests: RPR test The RPR test also detects reagin and is commonly used as a screening test. The RPR test is done on a sample of blood. TPHA The TPHA test is done to screen for syphilis. It checks for an antibody called reagin that can be produced in people who have syphilis.Rheumatoid test Rheumatoid factor (RF)　A high level of rheumatoid factor can be caused by several autoimmune disease (including rheumatoid arthritis) and some severe infections. Occasionally an elevated level of RF is present in healthy people. Thyroid hormoneDepending on the serum levels of the thyroid hormones FT3 and FT4, hyperthyroidism such as Basedow's disease at the elevated levels or hypothyroidism at the decreased levels will be considered.Levels of a thyroid stimulating hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland are used to detect problems affecting the thyroid gland. This may become a clinical marker for some disorders or an indication to judge the effectiveness of treatment. Inflammatory reaction C-reactive protein (CRP)　Higher-than-normal levels of blood CRP may indicate inflammation. However, a CRP test cannot indicate where the inflammation is located or what is causing it. Other tests are needed to determine the cause and location of the inflammation.Blood typeA test to find your blood type from the blood group (A, B, O, AB), and screen for the Rh factor. Chest X-rayA chest x ray creates pictures of the structures inside your chest to detect problems in the heart, lungs, large blood vessel, bones, soft tissues, etc. The following abnormalities can be detected:Lung: lung cancer, in the part of the body including lung cancer, pneumonia, tuberculosis, thickening of pleura, pulmonary emphysema, etc.Heart: heart failure, etc. Large blood vessel: aortic aneurysm, etc.Bone and soft tissues: costal malformation, bone tumour, mesothelioma, etc. Esophagus X-rayAllows the diagnosis of esophageal cancer, an ulcer, polyp, gastroesophageal reflux disease and so on.Stomach Duodenum X-rayTo detect abnormalities in the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. It allows the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions in the stomach, ulcer, polyp, chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal lesions and the influence of organs except from stomach duodenum. A finding suggesting prominent gastritis may lead to the indication of Helicobacter pylori test. * The combination of Esophagus X-ray and Stomach Duodenum X-ray is called “ Upper GI X-ray” at our clinic.EndoscopyThis is a test to observe upper or lower intestinal system from inside with endoscope in order to detect mucosal inflammation or neoplasm. It is used as a further examination of abnormal barium meal or positive faecal test in some cases but it is also used as a screening test without any abnormality or symptom in other cases. The use as screening method is very common in Japan but not in UK. Of course, it is available in private health care setting. Breast cancer screening Breast ultrasonographyUsed to determine whether there is a finding which is different from the normal structure by observing mammary tissues thoroughly as a means of supplementing palpation. When abnormal findings are suspected, the next step will be re-examination by ultrasound after a certain period of time or an examination by other methods. The characteristic feature of ultrasonography compared with mammography is to be able to detect abnormal findings in a wider range including a benign finding. Mammography Used to determine whether there is a malignant finding inside mammary tissues by imaging horizontally and vertically. When any abnormal finding is detected, re-examination by mammography such as compression view and an addition of breast ultrasonography will be recommended. A mammography is likely to be more sensitive and specific for a underlying malignant finding than ultrasonography, with some exceptions. Categories of Mammography are as below: M1:　Negative M2:　Benign M3:　Benign but malignancy can’t be ruled out M4:　Suspicious abnormality M5:　Highly suggestive malignancyYou will be asked to see a breast specialist if your level is M3, M4 or M5.Gynaecological examination Smear test for CytologyUsed to screen for cervical cancer. It involves collecting cells from a suitable area to investigate the shape of the cells to detect whether there is a malignant feature or not. Transvaginal ultrasonographyA test used to check for tumorous lesions including fibroid, cancer of the uterine body and ovarian tumour in the pelvic area. Abdominal ultrasound LiverThe liver has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion, and lies under your right ribs, just below the right mon findings in liver at our clinic include fatty liver, liver cyst (a thin-walled fluid-filled cavity in the liver), hemangioma (a benign tumour made up of blood vessels). A typical fatty liver, so-called “blotch”, is harmless but when findings other than fatty liver which are difficult to distinguish from liver cancer or metastatic cancer of the liver are found, other detailed examinations are needed. GallbladderThe gallbladder is a small sac underneath your liver that stores and concentrates bile fluid from the liver. The bile then helps to digest and absorb fats from food in the duodenum. Cases indicating the presence of gallbladder polyps are the most common finding at our clinic and we see more than 20% of people who have this. If the size is small, a medical check-up or follow-up at outpatient clinic is normally done, but if the size is more than about 5mm, we recommend a re-examination or thorough examination. Some people have a gallbladder stone in addition to a polyp but when they have no symptoms, most of them just do follow-ups since they are staying in the U.K. If they have a repeated gallbladder disease or an episode of pain, we recommend them to see a specialist. Other conditions such as thickening wall of gallbladder, which requires the differential diagnosis with a tumour, needs a thorough examination. It is not too much to say that this is the only examination method which can detect an early stage of biliary cancer. Pancreas The pancreas is located behind the stomach running from the base of the stomach to the back of your left chest. Doctors observe the size, the shades of black and white colours, and the diameter of the pancreatic duct. When a parenchymal nodule, a cystic tumour mass (fluid-filled structures in and around the pancreas) or pancreatic duct dilatation are detected, any further examination is needed. However, sometimes it is difficult to evaluate the pancreas with perfect precision since it is located behind the stomach and because of a lot of gas in the stomach and in the large intestine or a large amount of visceral fat may be present. Spleen The spleen is an organ in the upper far left part of the abdomen, to the left of the stomach. We examine whether there is a splenic enlargement. A decompensated dysfunction of the liver or blood diseases can make the size bigger. There is an individual difference in physiques, so it is not always the case that a larger size means abnormal. Kidney The kidneys are two small organs locates near the vertebral column in the small of the back. The most common finding is a simple cyst. A cyst is a thin-walled, hollow organ containing fluid. It usually doesn’t show abnormalities and there are no subjective symptoms. Generally, it is all right to leave it as it is but if the size becomes bigger and a symptom occurs, further evaluation or treatment is needed. Another common finding is a calcification in the kidney or a kidney stone. If there are no symptoms, we will just watch and wait for the natural course. Kidney tumours or hydronephrosis caused by certain conditions such as a kidney stone that results in the obstruction of urine stream, etc. can be detected. It is usual to have a follow-up consultation for typical cysts or a calcified kidney at your next medical check-up. But if you are told about a finding other than these for the first time, we might recommend a further examination. Thyroid ultrasoundThyroid gland locates below thyroid cartilage in the neck and plays an important role in metabolism of the body. This imaging test is useful to detect thyroid tumor or inflammatory change.Carotid artery ultrasoundCarotid artery runs from heart to brain through the neck. Ultrasound test is very useful to detect any change of atherosclerosis inside carotid arteries like plaque, calcification or stenosis. The chronic conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure or dyslipidemia increases the risk of abnormality of carotid artery.H.Pyroli TestHelicobacter pylori tests are used to detect atrophic gastritis which can be a cause of stomach cancer.In UK, serum antibody to Helicobacter Pylori and stool antigen test are available. Lung function test　This test is used to examine mechanics (airflows and lung volumes), the ventilation-perfusion interrelationship, diffusion and gas exchange, and respiratory muscle or bellows strength. Vital capacity (VC): Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. Normal is 80% and above. % Vital capacity (%VC):We examine the ratio of actual vital capacity versus predicted normal values depending on age, sex and height.Values of more than 80% of predicted normal values are considered standard. If the value is low, there is a possibility that your lung volumes have become small because your lung can’t spread enough due to a hardening or weakened muscles for breathing.When your value is lower than the normal value, it may be an indication of an interstitial lung disease, sarcoidosis, lung fibrosis, pleurisy or distortion of the chest. Forced vital capacity (FVC): The amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible.Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1): The amount of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced exhalation.Forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage (FEV1.0%)This is a value of the percentage of total FEV in the first second of a forced exhalation. It indicates the degree of lung elasticity and airway blockage. A ratio of 70% and above is considered as normal. If the value is low, there is a chance that the airways are narrowed and a diagnosis of COPD (chronic obstructive lung disease), bronchial asthma, diffuse panbronchiolitis, etc. can be made.Brain MRI/MRAThis is useful to detect mass lesion or vessel abnormality in the intracranial space.Japan Green Medical Centre Last updated in May 2018　 ................
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