Organic Chemistry



Organic Chemistry

Organic means living or derived from living things.

Organic chemistry deals with compounds that contain carbon

Carbon:

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Carbon has 4 empty spaces in the outer shell. Because of this Carbon can bond with up to 4 different atoms. This means there can be a huge variety in the molecules that carbon can make

We use the word “tetravalence” to describe carbon.

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Carbon is found in all living things. All compounds that contain carbon are organic except CO, CO2 and CO3,

Carbon joining with other atoms makes 4 large classes of molecule:

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Lipids

Carbohydrates: (aka Sugar, saccharides)

Always C: H: O in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Used for Energy and Structure

Most common simple form: Glucose C6H12O6

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Simple forms are celled monosaccharides

Examples:

Fructose – most plant sugar

Glucose – the simple form we absorb after breaking down the other sugars

2 joined together are called disaccharides

Examples:

Sucrose – found in sugar cane and sugar beets, refined sucrose is table sugar

Lactose – dairy milk

Many joined together are called polysaccharides:

Examples:

Starch – we can break these down to individual sugar molecules. We use an enzyme called amylase in our spit to break down starches.

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Cellulose – we cannot break down this polysaccharide. Even though is has a lot of energy stored in it, it’s primary role is structure. It makes up the cell walls of plants.

Who can break it down? Cows, horses, etc. called ruminates…have extra stomachs with bacteria that help them process cellulose. Also termites have an organism that lives in their stomach that helps them digest food

Lipids

(aka: fats)

Used for Energy and to make some hormones (estrogen, testosterone, cortisone)

Most common simple form: triglyceride

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated:

|Saturated |Unsaturated |

|Contains no double bonds |Contains some double bonds |

|Fatty acids are straight |Fatty acids are bent |

|Line up with each other and make a solid structure |Don’t line up with each other well, remains liquid |

|Butter, lard, |Oil (olive, corn, peanut, etc.) |

|Not good for you |Healthier |

Protein

Used for:

Structure – hair, tendons, ligaments, fingernails, silk, spider webs

Transport – hemoglobin is the protein in blood

Storage – albumin in egg whites and casein in milk store proteins for offspring

Movement – muscle fibers are made of the proteins actin and myosin

Speed up reactions – enzymes

Hormones – ex: insulin

Defense – antibodies are proteins

Made up of amino acids linked together:

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There are 20 different R groups and they can arrange themselves an infinite number of times.

One is joined to the next using peptide bonds so the whole structure is called a peptide chain

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

Store information, code for information

Made of individual units called nucleotides

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