INTRODUCTION



INTRODUCTION

This report consists of a presentation of 28 plants present in the farm of Baobab Trust, in Bamburi, Kenya (except for garlic and the baobab tree). Different uses of these plants are described, including medicinal properties and nutritional value, wherever possible. The list of the uses of each plant is not exhaustive.

The medicinal prescriptions given stemmed from African traditional medicine. Nowadays, more and more scientists take an interest in traditional medicinal plants. There are two main reasons. Firstly, their effectiveness as a medicine is due to an active substance present in the plant, which can be used to make chemical medicine. For example, Uvaria acuminata is said to cure tumours. Scientists have extracted from this plant a substance called uvaricin, which seems really efficient against cancerous cells. Secondly, encouraging the use of medicinal plants in countries (like Kenya) where the access to medical products is difficult and expensive is an idea that is becoming more and more developed, by NGOs and governments.

Many of the plants are known under several names, both Swahili and English. Some plants presented here are not indigenous, like fennel, and do not have Swahili names. And sometimes English names weren’t given to Kenyan plants. The names given in the summary are botanical names, because it’s the common link between all the plants. This summary is completed with indexes of Swahili and English names.

Some books are regularly mentioned in the references of the plants. More information about these are given at the end of this report.

Uses of a lot of plants, medicinal or not, are discovered regularly by scientists.

Uses and medicinal properties of 28 plants

in Baobab Trust farm, Bamburi, Kenya

Abstract

This report consists in a presentation of 28 plants present for the major part in the farm of Baobab Trust, in Bamburi, Kenya. Different uses of these plants are described, including medicinal properties and nutritional value, when it was possible. The list of the uses of each plant is not exhaustive.

By Marion Coisne (marion.coisne@)

Autumn 2009

Swahili names index

Bizari : Curcuma longa

Dodoki : Luffa aegyptiaca

Kamili : Azadirachta indica

Kibalazi-mwitu : Cadaba farinosa

Kitozi : Aloe vera

Mbaazi : cajanus cajan

Mbambara : commiphora africana

Mbungo : Saba florida

Mburungia : Solanum melongena

Mbuyu : Adansonia digitata

Mganda-simba : uvaria acuminata

Mgweni : uvaria acuminata

Mjavikali : Clausena anisata

Mkabili : Cleome gynandra

Mkilifi : Azadirachta indica

Mkororo : commiphora africana

Mkuyu : Ficus sycomorus

Mlanyuni: Hoslundia opposita

Mnafu : Solanum nigrum

Mnamaji : Trichilia emetica

Mnavu : Solanum nigrum

Mnuamaji: Trichilia emetica

Moulambulo : Hoslundia opposita

Mpamba muriti : calotropis procera

Mpapai : Carica papaya

Mtimai: Trichilia emetica

Mtomoko : Anonna sqaumosa

Mturituri : commiphora africana

Mubale: Trichilia emetica

Muvengahonye : Clausena anisata

Muvhunambezo : Clausena anisata

Muwamaji: Trichilia emetica

Mvinje : casuarina equisetifolia

Mvunja-vumo : cadaba farinosa

Mwaacha : uvaria acuminata

Mwangani : Cleome gynandra

Mwarubaini : Azadirachta indica

Mzunze : Moringa oleifera

Nyasi ngombe : cymbopogon citratus

Tangaizi : Zingiber officinale

Vumbamanga : Ocimum basilicum

English names index

Apple of Sodom : calotropis procera

Atis : Annona squamosa

Aubergine : Solanum melongena

Baobab tree : Adansonia digitata

Basil : Ocimum basilicum

Bird gooseberry : Hoslundia opposita

Black nightshade : Solanum nigrum

Brinjal : Solanum melongena

Cape mahogany : Trichilia emetica

Custard apple : Annona squamosa

Dead Sea Fruit : calotropis procera

Drumstick tree : Moringa oleifera

Egg plant : Solanum melongena

Fennel : Foeniculum vulgare

Garlic : Allium sativum

Ginger : Zingiber officinale

Horseradish tree : Moringa oleifera

Horsewood : Clausena anisata

Lemon grass : cymbopogon citrates

Loofah : Luffa aegyptiaca

Luffa : Luffa aegyptiaca

Malfura : Trichilia emetica

Malfureira-nut : Trichilia emetica

Mudar fibre : calotropis procera

Neem tree : Azadirachta indica

Orange bird berry : Hoslundia opposita

Paw-paw : Carica papaya

Pigeon pea : cajanus cajan

Sponge gourd : Luffa aegyptiaca

Sugar apple : Annona squamosa

Sycamore fig : ficus sycomorus

Turmeric : Curcuma longa

Whistling tree : casuarina equisetifolia

Annexes

Nutritional values

CP : Crude protein. This is approximated by multiplying the Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis by the factor 6.25. Depending on the type of feed, a greater or lesser part of this is true protein while the remainder is inorganic nitrogen salts, amides, ect.

EE : ether extract (crude fat). This is measured as diethylether or petroleumether extracted material. It is includes not only oils and fats but fatty acids, resins, chlorophyl, etc.

CF- Crude fibre : This refers to organic matter insoluble in hot dilutes sulphuric acid and diluted sodium hydroxide solution. It should be noted that the crude fibre in many cases is a misleading indicator of the digestibility and nutritive value of a feed.

Ash : This is determinated by igniting samples until they are free of carbon. A high value of ash for plant materiel is often an indication of contamination with soil.

NFE-Nitrogen-free extract : this is the difference between the sum of the other constituents and the original dry weight. In other words, it is what remains after the other group of components have been detected by analysis.

DM-Dry matter : All analyses are given on a dry matter basis. To convert the value given on a dry matter basis to fresh matter basis as “feed basis”, the percentage figure is multiplied with the dry matter content.

About the references 

Information given in this report are from different references, books and websites. Some precisions about the books mentioned :

- African Traditional Medicine : a dictionary of plant use and applications, by H.D. Neuwinger. Medpharm Scientific Publ., 2000

- Common poisonous plants of East Africa, by Bernard Verdcourt and E.C. Trump, 1969

- Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas by H.J. Beentje, 1994

- Medicinal plants of East Africa by J.O. Kokwaro, 1976

-The useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba by R.O. Williams, 1949

- Traditional Food Plants of Kenya, by Patrick M. Maundu, Grace W. Ngugi, Christine H.S. Kabuye, 1999

- Field guide to common Trees & Shrubs of East Africa by Njama Dharani, 2002

- Tropical Planting and Gardening by H.F. Macmillan, 1952

-Tropical Feeds : feeds information summaries and nutritional value, by Bo Göhl, FAO Feeds Information Centre, Animal Production and Health Division.

Adansonia digitata

Human food uses

The pulp, the fruit, the seeds and the leaves are edible, with a very high nutritional value. [1] [2]

- The pulp makes a tasty food or, after soaking in water or milk, a refreshing beverage(with 6 times the vitamin C content of an orange) [4]

- The leaves can be eaten as a vegetable[4]

- The seeds may be eaten raw or roasted. They yield an edible oil which can be used for cooking. [4]

Nutrional analysis[3]

| | |Fruit pulp with |Seeds. Nigeria |

| | |seeds. | |

| | |Tanzania | |

|As % of dry |DM | |87.9 |

|matter | | | |

| |CP |11.2 |12.7 |

| |CF |26.4 |25.6 |

| |Ash |4.6 |4.0 |

| |EE |7.8 |13.2 |

| |NFE |50.0 |44.5 |

| |Ca |0.31 |0.25 |

| |P |0.54 |0.59 |

Main medicinal uses

Every part of baobab tree have medicinal properties. For example :

- the fruit is used to treat fevers and diarrhoea[2]

- leaves are said to be astringent and to have anti-inflammatory and diaphoretic properties[2]

-Boiled bark is used to cure pains in the body, and seems to have anti-inflammatory and diaphoretic properties[2]

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Asthma : powder of dried leaves is taken [5]

Diarrhea in young children under 4 years : the sweet white fruit flesh is eaten (a common folk remedy, also used clinically, very effective) [5]

Toothache : bark decoction is used as a mouthwash[5]

Diarhhea, fever : infusion of the pulped fruit is drunk[5]

Fatigue : fresh leaves are ground into water, extract is drunk[5]

Body pain : bark decoction is drunk[5]

High fever : Vapor bath is taken with bark decoction[5]

Fever : leaf decoction is drunk[5]

Urine retention : root decoction is drunk[5]

Others uses

- bark can be use for cordage and weaving [1]

- roots produce a dye [1]

- leaves can be used as food for cattle [3]

- The pollen can be mixed with water to make glue[4]

References

[1] Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas

[2] Trees and Shrubs of East Africa

[3] Tropical Feeds

[4] Baobab FDA Approved

Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000273

CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety, website of Wild Harvest Pharma, an organism which promote the development of the baobab tree

[5] African Traditional Medicine p 14

Allium sativum

1, 2, plant habit; 3, bulb; 4, inflorescence. [1]

Food uses

Human food : The cloves are usually used, raw or cooked, in dishes as a spicy.It has a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking [2]. Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables.

Nutritional value per 100 g of peeled cloves (i.e. 79% of the dry bulb weight) [3]

|Water |64.3 g |

|Energy |411 kJ (98 kcal) |

|Protein |7.9 g |

|Fat |0.6 g |

|Carbohydrate |13.3 g |

|Dietary fibre |4.1 g |

|Ca |19 mg |

|P |170 mg |

|Fe |1.9 mg |

|Carotene |trace |

|Thiamin |0.13 mg |

|Riboflavin |0.03 mg |

|Folate |5 μg |

|Ascorbic acid |17 mg |

Main medicinal uses

Garlic has some demonstrated medicinal properties. It’s antibiotique, it extracts lowers blood cholesterol and triglyceride and also has antihypertensive and antihyperglycaemic effects and ,not least, it has a very important activity against platelet aggregation, which thin the blood. Regular consumption of garlic is correlated with a reduced risk of stomach cancer. [6] [7]

Examples of medicinal prescriptions :

Fever (for example in case of malaria) : three tablespoons chopped garlic (cloves) each day [4]

Hypertension : 30 g of bulbs in 1 liter of palm wine are macerated for two weeks, 75 ml are drunk twice daily. [6]

Skin-pathogenic fungi : applying cloves pulp on the skin [6]

To thin the blood : eating cloves [6]

Instestinal pain due to bacterias : eating cloves [6]

References

[1] Van der Meer, Q.P. & Anggoro H. Permadi, 1993. Allium sativum L. In: Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem Piluek (Editors). Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 8. Vegetables. Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 77–80, from

[2] Gernot Katzer (2005-02-23). "Spice Pages: Garlic (Allium sativum, garlick)". . Retrieved 2007-08-28. 

[3] Holland, B., Unwin, I.D. & Buss, D.H., 1991), from

[4] Anamed publication : “Artemisia annua anamed : Malaria and others diseases” from Echo Development Notes, April 2007, Issue 95

[5] African traditional medicine p 32

[6]

[7]

Aloe vera

Main medicinal uses

It has proved scientifically that Aloe latex contains strong laxative compounds, and that topical aloe gel may help heal burns and abrasions, even if a recent study showed that aloe gel inhibits healing of deep surgical wounds. [2]

Others medicinal uses :

- Immunostimulant that aids in fighting cancers in cats and dogs. Nothing is proved on human cancer. [3]

- Genital herpes and psoriasis [4]

- Improving blood glucose levels in diabetics [5]

- Lowering blood lipids in hyperlipidaemic patients [6]

- Reducing oral symptoms and inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis [7]

Other possible uses

- Obtaining biofuels from Aloe vera seeds [9]

- Dilution of semen for the artificial fertilization of sheep [10]

- Fresh food preservative [11]

- Water conservation, but not for humans [12]

- Antibacterial and antifungal activities[13](That’s why it can be used as a fish tank water conditioner)

References

[1] picture from .../Aloe%20Vera.htm

[2] NCCAM, National Institutes of Health (USA), nccam.

[3] King GK, Yates KM, Greenlee PG, et al. (1995). "The effect of Acemannan Immunostimulant in combination with surgery and radiation therapy on spontaneous canine and feline fibrosarcomas". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 31 (5): 439–47. PMID 8542364 

[4]Vogler BK, Ernst E. (1999). "Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness." Br J Gen Prac. 49:823-828.

[5] Bunyapraphatsara N, Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Chokechaijaroenporn O. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L juice. II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3: 245–248.

[6]Nassiff HA, Fajardo F, Velez F. (1993) Effecto del aloe sobre la hiperlipidemia en pacientes refractarios a la dieta. Rev Cuba Med Gen Integr 9:43–51

[7] Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, et al. (April 2004). "Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis". Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 19 (7): 739–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01902.x. PMID 15043514. 

[8]Feily A, Namazi MR. (2009). "Aloe vera in dermatology: a brief review." G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 144:84-91.

[9] Shukla S.. "Aloe Vera has biodiesel potential, reveals MSU study". . Retrieved 2008-06-21. 

[10] Rodriguez F, Baldassarre H, Simonetti J, Aste F, Ruttle JL. (1988) Cervical versus intrauterine insemination of ewes using fresh or frozen semen diluted with aloe vera gel. Theriogenology 30(5):843-54.

[11] Serrano M, Valverde JM, Guillén F, Castillo S, Martínez-Romero D, Valero D (May 2006). "Use of Aloe vera gel coating preserves the functional properties of table grapes". Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 54 (11): 3882–6.

[12]"Water conservation". The Hindu, India. . Retrieved 2008-07-14

Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Bunyapraphatsara N, Chokechaijaroenporn O. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L juice. I. Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3: 241–243.

[13]Sumbul Shamim, S. Waseemuddin Ahmed, Iqbal Azhar (2004) Antifungal activity of Allium, Aloe, and Solanum species. Pharmaceutical Biology 42 (7) 491–49

Annona squamosa

Food uses

The fruit is usually eaten ripe. Only the flesh segments inside are eaten, not the seeds, which are acrid and poisonous. It is never cooked [1]

Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*

|Calories |88.9-95.7 g |

|Moisture |69.8-75.18 g |

|Fat |0.26-1.10 g |

|Carbohydrates** |19.16-25.19 g |

|Crude Fiber |1.14-2.50 g |

|Protein |1.53-2.38 g |

|Amino Acids: | |

|Tryptophan |9-10 mg |

|Methionine |7-8 mg |

|Lysine |54-69 mg |

|Minerals: | |

|Ash |0.55-1.34 mg |

|Phosphorus |23.6-55.3 mg |

|Calcium |19.4-44.7 mg |

|Iron |0.28-1.34 mg |

|Vitamins: | |

|Carotene |5-7 I.U. |

|Thiamine |0.100-0.13 mg |

|Riboflavin |0.113-0.167 mg |

|Niacin |0.654-0.931 mg |

|Ascorbic Acid |34.7-42.2 mg |

*Minimum and maximum levels of constituents from analyses made in the Philippines, Central America and Cuba.

**The average sugar content is 14.58% and is about 50-50 glucose and sucrose.

Main medicinal uses

All the part of the plant are use in traditional medicine. For example the green fruit is very astringent, and the bark and roots are both highly astringent. Because of their insecticide properties, the seeds are employed to treat parasite infections like lice infestation.

It seems that the fruit has anti-cancerous [1] , and anti diabetic [3] properties.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Diabetes : every 3 days, ½ cup of leaves decoction is drunk [2]

Insomnia : decoction of fresh leaves is drunk [2]

Tonic : bark decoction is drunk [1]

Skin ailments, ulcers, wounds : leaves are applied [1] [2]

Worms : leaf extract is drunk [2]

Tumors : Applied crushed ripe fruit with salt [1]

Diarrhea : fruit extract is drunk [2] / bark decoction is drunk[1]

Others uses [1]

-Powdered seeds can serve as fish poison and insecticide

-Heat-extracted oil from the seeds can be employed against agricultural pests. Studies have shown the ether extract of the seeds to have no residual toxicity after 2 days. High concentrations are potent for 2 days and weaken steadily, all activity being lost after 8 days

-The leaves yield an excellent oil rich in terpenes and sesquiterpenes, mainly B-caryophyllene, which finds limited use in perfumes, giving a woody spicy accent.

- Seeds oil of Annona squamosa has been proposed as a substitute for peanut oil in the manufacture of soap and can be detoxified by an alkali treatment and used for edible purposes.

- Fiber extracted from the bark has been employed for cordage. The tree serves as host for lac-excreting insects.

References

[1] Morton, J. 1987. Sugar Apple. p. 69–72. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. From the website

[2] African traditional medicine p 45

[3] Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volume 91, Issue 1, March 2004, Pages 171-175

Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona squamosa in streptozotocin–nicotinamide type 2 diabetic rats

[4] metafro.be/

prelude/

view_reference?ri=VW+01

Azadirachta indica

Main medicinal uses

The neem tree is a pant very used in traditional medicine, due to it countless medicinal properties, particularly anti-parasitic, anti-malaria, anti-diabetic and anti-fungi. [1]

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Diarrhea : decoction of fresh leaves is drunk[2]

Malaria, rheumatism : leaf decoction is drunk[2]

High fever : leaf decoction is drunk[2]

Headache, fever, malaria : bark infusin is drunk[2]

Exhaustion : 1 liquor glass of bark decoction is drunk three times daily[2]

Gastric ulcer : 30 g of leaves are boiled in a litre of water for 30 minutes and 500 ml is drunk daily[2]

Other uses

-Fruits yields an aromatic oil

-Wood used for general timber, furniture, poles

-Wood for fuel

-Oil can serve as a paraffin substitute and is used to make soap

-The residue(neem cake) makes both a good cattle food and a fertilizer

-The leaves contains azadirachtin, which is a powerful insecticide

-Dried leaves placed among clothes protects against moths, and in stored grain they repel insects without leaving any smell of aftertaste

-Smoke burning leaves drives off mosquitoes and sand-flies

-A solution from the leaves can serves as an anti-locust crop spray

-Powdered leaves are widely used to make facial creams

-Purified neem oil is used in nail polish and other cosmetics

-Neem stick serve as disposable toothbrushes

References

[1], website of a French doctor

[2] African Traditional medicine

Blighia unijugata

[6]

Main medicinal uses

Bark, leaves and roots can be use as medicine.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions :

Diarrhea in children : root infusion is drunk[2]

Fever : infusion of pounded roots is drunk twice a day [1] [2] / bark pulp is used as an enema or, steeped in water, is drunk[2] / leaf decoction is used as a vapor bath[2]

Purgative* : bark pulp is used as an enema or, steeped in water, is drunk[2] / bark pulped in enema or macerated by draught [3]

Stiffness of the limbs : leaf decoction is drunk[2]

To relax or strengthen muscles : leaf pulp is rubbed on the body [2]

Vomiting : decoction or infusion of ground seeds is drunk[2] [3]

Others uses

- Good shade tree [3]

- The wood, durable [5], can be use for building [3], or for product : pastimes-carving, musical instruments, games, toys, etc.. [4]

- Fruit has common use as a fish-poison[3]

- Insect plant (bee/honey tree, butterfly tree)[3]

References

[1] Medicinal Plants of East Africa, p 199

[2] African Traditional Medicine, p 70

[3] Burkill, 2000, in EJEAFChe, Electonic journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry ISSN : 1579-4377 Evaluation of the mineral nutrients, characterization and some possible uses of Blighia unijugata bak seed and seed oil

[4], website of an organism, Aluka, who built an online digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa

[5]Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas

[6] Trees, Shrubs and Lianas of Kenya

Cadaba farinosa

Food uses

-A spinach is made from the leaves [4]

|Nutritional value [6] |[pic] |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|As % of dry matter | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|DM | |

|CP | |

|CF | |

|Ash | |

|EE | |

|NFE | |

|Ca | |

|P | |

|Ref | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Browse, with pods,  | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|milk stage, Kenya | |

| | |

|18.2 | |

|27.3 | |

|7.0 | |

|1.8 | |

|45.7 | |

|0.39 | |

|0.17 | |

|129 | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Fresh leaves, mid- | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|bloom, Niger | |

| | |

| | |

|30.6 | |

|9.3 | |

|15.4 | |

|1.8 | |

|42.9 | |

|0.92 | |

|0.16 | |

|45 | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Main medicinal uses | |

| | |

| | |

|Examples of traditional medicinal prescriptions | |

| | |

|Cough, fever : leaf extract is drunk [5] | |

|Body pain : plant ash is rubbed in[5] | |

|Ulcers : leaf powder is applied[5] [3] | |

|Respiratory ailments : decoction of roots and leaves is drunk[5] | |

|Skin ailments : leaf powder is rubbed in[5] | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Other uses | |

 

- Leaves can be used as food for cattle, giraffes, elephant, goat [2]

References

[1] common poisonous of east Africa

[2] Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas p 71

[3] trees and shrubs of east Africa p 203

[4] , website from an herbalist, Henriette Kress, in Helsinki

[5] African Traditionnal Medicine p 84

[6]

Cajanus cajan

[2]

Human food uses

-Peas may be mashed with other foods like potatoes, cooked with maize, or made into a stew and eaten along with ugali. Pigeon pea is an important fodder plant during the dry season after crop harvest .[2]

Nutritional composition [2]

| |seed whole dried |seed raw unripe |seed dry ripe |

|Energy kJ |1444 | | |

|Water % |9.9 |67.4 |10.1 |

|Protein g |19.5 |7.0 |19.2 |

|Fibre g |7.3 |3.5 |8.1 |

|Ash g |3.8 |1.3 |3.8 |

|Fat g |1.3 |0.6 |1.5 |

|Total CHO g |65.5 |23.7 ? |65.4 |

|Vit C mg |Tr. | | |

|ß-carotein eq μg |55 | | |

|Na mg | | | |

|P mg |285 | | |

|Ca mg |161 | | |

|Mg mg | | | |

|Fe mg | | | |

|K mg | | | |

Main medicinal uses [1]

Traditionally, Cajanus cajan is used for lots of different diseases.

Stomach problems : decoction of roots and leaves is drunk / leaf decoction is drunk / tea of green leaves is drunk

Diarrhea : 15 g of leaves is boiled in 1 litre of water and is drunk throughout the day

Colic : tea of green leaves is drunk

Epigastric pain : seed powder is taken in water

Strong diuretic: dried leaves are pulverized and taken

Intestinal parasites : leaf decoction is drunk

Measles : 1 liqueur glass of decoction of fresh leafy twigs is drunk and the decoction is used for bathing / round leaves with water are applied as a dressing / leaf decoction is drunk / leaf pulp is applied or leaf decoction is drunk

Wounds : stem ash is applied

Scaldings : stem ash is applied

Burns : leaf preparation is drunk

Cicatrisation : boiled leaves are applied

Pneumonia : leaf tea is drunk

Coughs : root decoction is drunk / leaves are chewed

Fever : leaf decoction is drunk

Toothache : leaf decoction is gargled / root is chewed / stalks are chewed

Rheumatism : leaf pulp is used as a dressing

Other uses

-Animal food : the dry leaves and pods remain after harvest and are important food for donkeys, cattle and goats. [2]

- After harvesting the stalks are cut and used as firewood (rather poor quality, burns fast but an important fuel during the wet and planting seasons) [2]

- A good plant for crop rotation or intercropping [2] [3]

- Roots (which are poisonous) can be planted as a hedge round cassava patches to keep mole rats out. It as the same effect on termites and it sometimes planted around houses for protection. [4]

References

[1] African traditional medicine p 85

[2] Traditional food plants of Kenya p 81

[3]Tropical planting and gardening p 278

[4] Tropical feeds p 165

Calotropis procera

Main medicinal uses

C. procera has a lot of medicinal properties, for example it is emetic[2], purgative, appetizer, digestant and abortificient.[3] It also has an anti-inflammatory property [4], due to the latex, which is poisonous if too lages doses are taken [3]; and an antimicrobial activity [5].

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Colds : 3 fresh, yellowing leaves are ground in ½ glass of water, 1 glass of filtrate is drunk [7]

Coughs : root infusion is drunk[2]

Asthma : powder of dried leaves and root bark is taken in water[7]

Colic : root decoction is drunk[7]

Digestant : fresh flower are eaten[7]

Skin ailments : dried leaves are ground, mixed with fat and applied as a paste[7]

Local anesthesic, antiseptic : leaves or latex is applied[7]

Head lice : leaf extract is rubbed in[7]

Worms : leaves are steeped into water and extract is drunk[7]

Others uses

- seeds contained in large inflated pods, have, attached to them, a silky floss which may be used for stuffing pillows[1]

-the stems a durable fibre for fishing lines or nets[1]

-the wood is used to make fire stick [2]

References

[1] The useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba p 165

[2] Trees and Shrubs of East Africa p 207

[3],

website of The Herb Society of America (HSA), which is a tax-exempt organization that focuses on educating its members and the public on the cultivation of herbs and the study of their history and uses, both past and present

[4]Anti-inflammatory Efficacy of Extracts of Latex of Calotropis procera Against Different Mediators of Inflammation

Soneera Arya and Vijay L Kumar*

Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India

    

[5]Antimicrobial Activities of Calotropis

procera on Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms

*Kareem, S. O.; Akpan, I. and Ojo, O. P.

Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture

P. M. B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria

African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol. 11 (2008); 105 - 110

ISSN 1119 – 5096 © Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group

[6] African Traditional Medicine p86

Carica papaya

[]

Human food uses

The fruit is used to be eaten. In the green state, the fruit may be boiled and eaten as a substitute for vegetable marrow.

Nutrional analysis[3]

| | |Fresh leaves. |Fresh |Leaves, dried. |Whole fruit, early|Whole fruit, |

| | |W.Pakistan |leaves. |Rhodesia |vegetative. |mature. |

| | | |Nigeria | |Nigeria |Trinidad |

|As % of dry|DM |19.5 |24.6 |92.5 |7.2 |9.1 |

|matter | | | | | | |

| |CP |20.9 |32.6 |23.5 |11.4 |11.1 |

| |CF |14.5 |7.3 |10.6 |12.5 |11.7 |

| |Ash |15.4 |11.0 |12.3 |7.4 |9.4 |

| |EE |13.6 |0.8 |4.2 |0.8 |1.2 |

| |NFE |35.6 |48.3 |49.4 |67.9 |66.6 |

| |Ca |2.38 | | | |0.23 |

| |P |0.22 | | | |0.16 |

See the annexes at the end for explanation about the abbreviations.

Main medicinal uses

Paw paw tree has some medicinal properties, particularly disinfectant.

Examples of traditional medicinal prescriptions

Worms : 3-4 teaspoons of juice of unripe fruit is taken in the morning

Suppurating wounds and burns : a few drops of fruit juice is added to hot water and used as a wash

Coughs : 1handful of roots is boiled in 1 litre of water for 15 minutes and filtrate is drunk.

Asthma : leaves are smoked like cigarettes

Urinary tract problems : infusion or decoction of leaves is drunk

Caries : root maceration is used as a mouthwash

Gastric ulcers : leaf tea is drunk

Cicatrization : leaf pulp is applied

Other uses

-Animal food : leaves [3]

-The latex contains papaine, a digestive enzyme which is used for example in chewing-gum (a verifier); It permits using pawpaw leaves for tenderize meat, rolling it into the leaves.[2]

References

[1] The useful and Ornamental Plants in Zanzibar and Pemba

[2] Tropical planting and gardening

[3] Tropical feeds

[4] picture from biotox.cz/botanicus/index.php?id=bph_0227

Casuarina equisetifolia

Food uses

-Animal food : As a fodder, the foliage of C. equisetifolia is neither very palatable nor very nutritious, although in times of food shortage it can be fed to animals [1]

Main medicinal uses [3]

Sedative : leaf decoction is drunk

Toothache, gum inflammation : fruit decoction is gargled and vapor of the decoction is inhaled

Other uses

- Planted for soil stabilization, as it grows quickly in dry and infertile areas [4]

-The wood is a very good fuel [2]

- The bark contains 6-18% tannin, yielding a reddish dye. [1]

- The poles are strong and durable and are used widely in coastal areas for houses and boats masts; without treatment they may last between 2 and 5 years [1]

References

[1] NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (1980), Casuarinas : Nitrogen fixing trees for adverse sites, National Academy press, Washington D.C., in Trees for wastelands by Clare V. Wood

[2] Trees for wastelands by Clare V. Wood

[3] African traditional Med p 100

[4] Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas p 317

Clausena anisata

Main medicinal uses

In traditional medicine, Clausena anisata is used to cure lots of diseases.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Toothache : twigs [1] / leaf decoction is drunk, is gargled or inhaled[2]/ Leaf or roots decoction is used as a mouthwash [2]

Tooth-brush : twigs are chewed [1][2]

Stomach problems : leaf decoction is drunk[2]

Indigestion : pounded roots are put in soup [1] / roots are chewed[1] [2]

Constipation : Decoction of leaves or roots is drunk[2]

Purgative : leaf decoction is drunk / leaf decoction is used as an enema / 1 cup of leaves maceration is drunk[2]

Worms of all kinds : root decoction is drunk / leaf decoction is drunk[2]

Bronchial problems : leaf pulp is rubbed in and leaf extract is dropped into the nose[2]

Fever : Decoction of leaves or roots is drunk[2] / vapor of leaf decoction is inhaled or the body part is exposed to the vapors[2]

Headache : pounded roots are put in soup[1] / finely ground roots are rubbed on the forehead or root tea is drunk [2] / leaf sap is dropped into the eye or forehead is rubbed with leaf maceration [2] / leaf pulp is rubbed in and leaf extract is dropped into the nose[2]

Malaria* : pounded roots are put in soup[1]

Tonic : leaf decoction is used as a wash[2]

Itching : decoction of 500 g of leafy twigs in 10-15 is drunk as required and used for bathing[2]

skin ailments : root decoction is drunk[2]

Wounds : leaf pulp is applied[2]

Skin itching : fresh leaves are pounded with white clay and massaged in[2]

Abscess : decoction of leafy twigs is used for bathing[2]

Rheumatism : vapor of leaf decoction is inhaled or the body part is exposed to the vapors /Ground leaves and roots are used as a slave[2]

Stiffness of the limbs : leaf decoction is used as a wash / Ground leaves and roots are used as a slave[2]

Fly repellant : a bundle of leaves is hung in the house / plants are burnt[2]

Other uses

- From Clausena an oil can be produce, which is a mobile yellow clear liquid with a strong anise odour [3]

- Butterfly tree : some butterfly larvae eat this specie [5]

- Insect repellant : scientists have proved the reppellant effect of Clausena anisata against some kind of insect [4] [5]

References

[1] Medicinal plants of East Africa, p 195

[2] African traditional medicine, p 119

[5]

[3] Website of FAO

[4] Toxicity and repellence of African plants traditionally used for the protection of stored cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus by BOEKE S. J. (1) ; BAUMGART I. R. (1) ; VAN LOON J. J. A. (1) ; VAN HUIS A. (1) ; DICKE M. (1) ; KOSSOU D. K. (2) from (1) Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, PAYS-BAS

(2) Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 256, Cotonou, BENIN



Cleome gynandra

Human food uses

- Leaves (and flowers) can be used as a vegetable [1]

Nutritional composition [1]

| |Leaves raw |Leaves raw |Leaves cooked |

|Energy kJ |181 |142 |172 |

|Water % |85 |86.6 |86.6 |

|Protein g |5.1 |4.8 |4.2 |

|Fibre g |1.3 |1.2 |1.3 |

|Ash g |3.6 |3.0 |1.9 |

|Fat g |0.6 |0.4 |1.0 |

|Total CHO g |5.7 |5.2 |6.3 |

|Vit C mg | |13 | |

|ß-carotein eq μg | | | |

|Na mg | | | |

|P mg |12.0 |111 |94 |

|Ca mg |262 |288 |135 |

|Mg mg |86.8 | | |

|Fe mg |18.8 |6.0 |3.4 |

|K mg |410 | | |

Main medicinal uses

Chest pain : root infusion [1]

Constipation :leaves are eaten [1]

Diarrhea : water obtained after boiling leaves is drunk [1]

Ear inflammation, otitis : leaf sap is dropped into the ear [2]

Colic : leaf extract is drunk[2]

Stomach pain : leaf extract is drunk[2]

Toothache : root extract is used as a mouthwash[2]

References

[1] Traditional Food Plants of Kenya

[2] African Traditional Medicine

Commiphora africana

[1]

Human food uses

-Roots of young plants can be chewed for their sweet taste and to quench thirst. Gum can be eaten. Bark is used to make a red tea [1]

Feed value

The leaves and fruit of Commiphora africana have been analysed at the Laboratoire de Nutrition of the Institut d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux (IEMVT). The results are as follows: [3]

|  |Young leaves |Fruit |

|Dry matter (DM) |  91.70 |85.50 |

|Crude protein (CP) |  14.25 |  8.40 |

|Cellulose |  12.90 |21.50 |

|Fat content |    2.47 |21.50 |

|Mineral content |939 |  7.00 |

|Ca |   0.98 |  0.88 |

|P |   0.18 |  0.16 |

|Mg |   0.48 |  0.39 |

|K |   2.47 |  1.95 |

|Ca/P |   4.45 |  5.57 |

|Ca/Mg |   2.94 |  2.25 |

Main medicinal uses

Different parts of C.Africana are used in traditional medicine, particularly the resin, which seems having anti-bacterial properties.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions [4]

Rheumatism : bark maceration is drunk

Insecticide : latex resin is burnt

Vomiting : decoction of leafy twigs is drunk

Colds : warm root decoction is used as a dressing

Wounds : plant resin is a disinfectant

Stomach pain and headache in children : root bark is boiled and added to food

Ulcerate gums, toothache : fruits chewed or pounded

Fever and colds : steam from bark and roots

Stomach disorders : Decoction of roiled roots

Resin used as a sealant and disinfectant for wounds

Other uses

-Camel and goat fodder[1] [3]

-Stems used as a toothbrush[1]

-The wood is resistant and easy to work [3]. It can be used for house building, headrests, stools, milk containers[1] [2]

-Fuelwood [2]

References

[1] Traditional Food Plants of Kenya

[2] Trees and Shrubs of East Africa

[3]Commiphora africana, browse tree of the Sahel**

Jean-Charles Clanet

Maître-assistant, Département de Géographie, Faculté de n' Djamena, Chad

Hubert Gillet

Maître de conférences, Sous-Directeur, Museum National d' Histoire Naturel, Paris

[4]

Curcuma longa

Human food uses

-Turmeric rhizome is used dried like a spice, as a food colouring and as a preservative for food. It can be also used fresh. [1]. Turmeric leaves are edibles.[8]

Nutritional Value of Turmeric (rhizome)

Value per 100 grams

• Moisture :13.100 gm

• Protein : 6.300 gm     

• Fat : 5.100 gm   

• Minerals : 3.500 gm   

• Fibre: 2.600 gm

• Carbohydrates: 69.400 gm   

• Energy: 349.000 K cal

• Calcium: 150.000 mg

• Phosphorus: 282.000 mg

• Iron: 67.800 mg

In addition, it also contains calcium, phosphorous, iron, carotene, thiamine and niacin. [7]

Main medicinal uses

The medicinal extract from Turmeric is called Curcumin, and has a lot of medicinal properties. The main activities have been found to be anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, wound healing, anticancer, antitumor and antiviral [2,3]. It seems also that it can helping against Alzheimer’s disease [4]. And studies are still led to check other medicinal properties.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Skin diseases : root are used [5]

Cough : rhizome infusion is drunk [6]

Malaria : leaf decoction is inhaled [6]

Fever : leaf decoction is inhaled [6]

Other uses

- Turmeric can be used as a clothing dye [1]

- It can be used in cosmetic use [1]

References

[1]

[2] Turmeric : a brief review of medicinal properties, by SRIMAL R. C., Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow-226003, INDE, in Fitoterapia   ISSN 0367-326X , 1997, vol. 68, no6, pp. 483-493 (152 ref.)

on

[3] Cancer Lett. 2005 Jun 8;223(2):181-90. Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of curcumin. Duvoix A, Blasius R, Delhalle S, Schnekenburger M, Morceau F, Henry E, Dicato M, Diederich M. Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hopital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.

[4] Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 7; Curcumin inhibits formation of Abeta oligomers and fibrils and binds plaques and reduces amyloid in vivo. Yang F, Lim GP, Begum AN, Ubeda OJ, Simmons MR, Ambegaokar SS, Chen PP, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. GRECC (VA Medical) and Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, North Hills, CA 91343.

[6] African traditional medicine, p 159

[5] Tropical planting and gardening, p 365

[7] , website from Ramdev Food Products Pvt. Ltd., a manufacturer, processor, and exporter of Indian spices

[8]

, website for and by gardeners

Cymbopogon citratus

[22][pic]

Food uses

- Human food : Lemongrass is used for flavoring dishes, tea…[1]. It is possible to use the leaves, or an oil obtained from the leaves.

Main medicinal uses

Leaves are widely used in lots of folk medicine. It is used for example as an antispasmodic, antiemetic, analgesic, antitussive, antirheumatic, and antiseptic. It is usually ingested as an infusion made by pouring boiling water on fresh or dried leaves. [2,3,4,5]

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Coughs in children : root tea is drunk[7]

Stomach problems : infusion of 15 g of fresh leaves in 1 liter of water is drunk[7]

Diarrhea : leaf decoction is drunk [7]

To stimulate digestion : leaf decoction or in fusion is drunk[7]

Fever : leaf decoction is used as an enema[7] / 1 teaspoon of rhizome powder is eaten three time daily[7] / decoction of leaves and roots is drunk[7]

Malaria : leaves are boiled, vapor is inhaled and decoction is used as a wash [7] / Tea is drunk (boiling leaves for two minutes, letting stand 15 minutes, then pouring through a sieve) [6]

Others uses

- Antimicrobial effects : several reports describe antimicrobial effects of lemongrass, including activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and fungi[8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]

-Antioxidant action : topical C. citratus extract exhibited an antioxidant action in mouse skin, leading researchers to suggest its potential in skin cancer prevention.[20]

-Insecticide : Lemon grass has an repellent activity. It was attributed to the citral content [21]. It is possible for example to burn dried leaves over a low fire[7]

References

[1] . The references from 2 to 5 and from 8 to 21 are extracted from this website

[2] Blumenthal, M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs . Austin TX: American Botanical Council; 1998:341-342.

[3] Leung AY. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics . New York, NY: Wiley; 1980.

[4] Girón LM, Freire V, Alonzo A, Cáceres A. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol . 1991;34(2-3):173–187.

[5]Leite JR, Seabra Mde L, Maluf E, et al. Pharmacology of lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus Strapf.) ΙΙΙ. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. J Ethnopharmacol . 1986;17(1):75-83.

[7] African traditional medicine, p 162

[6] Anamed publication : “Artemisia annua anamed : Malaria and others diseases” from Echo Development Notes, April 2007, Issue 95

[8] Ogunlana EO, Höglund S, Onawunmi G, Sköld O. Effects of lemongrass oil on the morphological characteristics and peptidoglycan synthesis of Escherichia coli cells. Microbios . 1987;50(202):43-59.

[9] Baratta M, et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J . 1998;13:235-244.

[10]Onawunmi GO, Yisak WA, Ogunlana EO. Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. J Ethnopharmacol . 1984;12(3):279-286.

[11] Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol . 1999;86(6):985-990.

[12] Chalcat J, et al. Correlation between chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. VI. Activity of some African essential oils. J Essent Oil Res . 1997;9:67-75.

[13] Wannissorn B, et al. Antifungal activity of lemon grass and lemon grass oil cream. Phytother Res . 1996;10:551-554.

[14] Lima EO, Gompertz OF, Giesbrecht AM, Paulo MQ. In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from officinal plants against dermatophytes. Mycoses . 1993;36(9-10):333-336.

[15] Qureshi S, Rai MK, Agrawal SC. In vitro evaluation of inhibitory nature of extracts of 18–plant species of Chhindwara against 3-keratinophilic fungi. Hindustan Antibiot Bull . 1997;39(1-4):56-60.

[16] Yadav P, et al. Screening some essential oils against ringworm fungi. Indian J Pharm Sci . 1994;56:227-230.

[17] Kishore N, Mishra AK, Chansouria JP. Fungitoxicity of essential oils against dermatophytes. Mycoses . 1993;36(5-6):211-215.

[18] Mishra AK, Dubey NK. Evaluation of some essential oils for their toxicity against fungi causing deterioration of stored food commodities. Appl Environ Microbiol . 1994;60(4):1101-1105.

[19]Helal GA, Sarhan MM, Abu Shahla AN, Abou El-Khair EK. Effects of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, lipid content and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger ML2-strain. J Basic Microbiol . 2006;46(6):456-469.

[20]Nakamura Y, Miyamoto M, Murakami A, Ohigashi H, Osawa T, Uchida K. A phase ΙΙ detoxification enzyme inducer from lemongrass: identification of citral and involvement of electrophilic reaction in the enzyme induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2003;302(3):593-600.

[21]. Oyedele AO, Gbolade AA, Sosan MB, Adewoyin FB, Soyelu OL, Orafidiya OO. Formulation of an effective mosquito-repellent topical product from lemongrass oil. Phytomedicine . 2002;9(3):259-262.

[22] picture from Traditional Food plants of Kenya

Ficus sycomorus

Human food uses [1]

- The fruit (fig) can be eaten raw. Figs can be split open, dried and stored, for example in honey.

Nutritional composition [1]

| |Fruit |

|Energy kJ |227 |

|Water % |82.7 |

|Protein g |1.3 |

|Fibre g |3.6 |

|Ash g |1.3 |

|Fat g |0.9 |

|Total CHO g |13.8 |

|Vit C mg | |

|ß-carotein eq μg | |

|Na mg |3.91 |

|P mg |36.5 |

|Ca mg |68.1 |

|Mg mg |42.3 |

|Fe mg |1.94 |

|K mg |399 |

Main medicinal uses

Sycamore fig is traditionally used to cure some diseases.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Diarrhea : decoction of 2 hand-sized pieces of bark is drunk/ latex sap or bark extract is drunk / 2 15-cm pieces of pieces of root are boiled with 1 glass of water and drunk [2]

Burns : bark powder is sprinkled on [2]

Chest and glandular problems, pharyngitis : latex sap or bark extract is drunk [2]

Toothache : sap is used [1]

Other uses [1]

-Animal food : leaves cut can be used

- Good shade tree

- The wood can be use for building house, doors, mortars, beehives, stools…

- The latex can be applied to arrow shafts

-Inner parts of bark can be beaten or chewed into fibre for weaving[3]

-Fuelwood [3]

References

[1] Traditional food plants of Kenya

[2] African traditional medicine

[3]trees and shrubs of east Africa

Foeniculum vulgare

Fennel, from Koehler's Medicinal-plants (1887)

Food uses

The bulb, foliage, and seeds of are edibles. The leaves and the bulb can be eaten raw or cooked, and the seeds are used to flavouring dishes. Fennel has a similar taste to anis.

|Fennel, bulb, raw |

|Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) |

|Energy 30 kcal   130 kJ |

|Carbohydrates    |

|7.29 g |

| |

|- Dietary fiber  3.1 g   |

| |

|Fat |

|0.20 g |

| |

|Protein |

|1.24 g |

| |

|Thiamine (Vit. B1)  0.01 mg   |

|1% |

| |

|Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0.032 mg   |

|2% |

| |

|Niacin (Vit. B3)  0.64 mg   |

|4% |

| |

|Pantothenic acid (B5)  0.232 mg  |

|5% |

| |

|Vitamin B6  0.047 mg |

|4% |

| |

|Folate (Vit. B9)  27 μg  |

|7% |

| |

|Vitamin C  12 mg |

|20% |

| |

|Calcium  49 mg |

|5% |

| |

|Iron  0.73 mg |

|6% |

| |

|Magnesium  17 mg |

|5%  |

| |

|Phosphorus  50 mg |

|7% |

| |

|Potassium  414 mg   |

|9% |

| |

|Zinc  0.20 mg |

|2% |

| |

|Manganese 0.191 mg |

| |

| |

|Percentages are relative to US |

|recommendations for adults. |

|Source: USDA Nutrient database |

Main medicinal uses

Fennel is considered an appetite depressant, and as such, a weight loss aid.  Infusion of fennel is recommended to increase the flow of milk in nursing mothers [1]. It also very good for the intestinal tract, as a purgative or to relax the intestines consumption.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Diarrhea : seed decoction is drunk / alcoholic plant extract is drunk [2]

Stomach pain : fresh leaves are boiled into coffee or tea or chewed / alcoholic plant extract is drunk[2]

Purgative : fresh leaves are boiled into coffee or tea or chewed[2]

Vomiting : seed decoction is drunk with lemon juice / powdered seeds are taken [2]

Diuretic* : fresh leaves are boiled into coffee or tea or chewed[2]

Others uses

-Perfumery

-insect repellent

References

[1] , website of a man whose purpose is “to provide quality information and resources free of charge to anyone interested in gardening.“

[2] African traditional medicine, p 229

Hoslundia opposita

[1]

Human food uses

-Ripe yellow or orange fruit eaten whole. Leaves and stems occasionally used for tea[1]

Main medicinal uses

Lots of parts of H. oppposita have traditionally medicinal properties.

The fruit can be used for naso-pharyngeal affections.[4]

The leaves are used for lots of different diseases : as an antidote, to treat skin diseases, as a laxative…[4]

The roots are used as a diuretic, against stomach and pulmonary troubles,… [4]

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Abdominal pain : 2handful of fresh water leaves are boiled in 2.5 litres of water, 5 large teaspoons of the filtrate are taken

Open wounds : powdered leaves are sprinkled on the wound

Stomach problem, purgative : decoction of whole plant is drunk

Fever : plant tea is drunk

Skin ailments : leaves and flowers are applied

Coughs : root decoction is drunk

Cicatrization : leaf sap is applied

Others uses

-Hoslundia opposita can be use as goat fodder[1]

- Fuelwood[1]

- Leaves are reported to have a strong unpleasant scent, which is alleged to repel bees and is thus utilized in the collection of honey.[3]

References

[1] Traditional food plants of Kenya

[2] common poisonous plants of East Africa p 173 [3]

[4] Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol 3, in



[5] African Traditional Medicine p 262

Luffa aegyptiaca

Human food uses

Immature fruits (7.6-15 cm), young shoots, young leaves and flowers can be eat. An edible oil is pressed from the seeds.[1] [3]

Medicinal uses [4]

Swellings : fruit pulp is used as a dressing / pounded young fruit are applied

Wounds, cicatrization : pulverized leaves are used as a dressing / burnt leaves are used as a dressing

Strong purgative : root extract is drunk / fruit sap is swallowed

Constipation : pulp of whole plant is used as a suppository

Edemas : fresh leaf pulp is used as a dressing

Diuretic : root extract is drunk

Stomach pain : leaf or rot tea is drunk

Others uses

- Mature fruits can be used for rubbing bodies or dishes, after peeling of their skin and shaking out the seeds. They can also be used as filters.[1] [3]

References

[1]

[3] plants of Zanzibar p 286

[4] African traditional Medicine

[5] city.yokohama.jp/mekankyou/dousyoku/kodomo/

090.html

Moringa oleifera

Food uses

Human food uses

Leaves, flowers and green pods are edible after cooking. [2]

Moringa leaves are easy to dry (2 or 3 days under shade), and can be conserved as dry leaves or grounded in powder.

Moringa has an high nutritional value : the leaves of moringa contains lots of assimilating proteins (15 to 25% of dry weight), and a useful quantity of vitamins A(almost 2000 μg per 100 g), C (180 mg per 100g) and B1 (220 μg per 100g)and lots of minerals (iron, calcium, potassium).

Quantity of leaves powder recommended per day as food complement :

- children and adults: 2 or 3 spoons

- pregnant or breast-feeding woman: 3 or 4 spoons

Nutrional analysis[7]

| | |Fresh leaves.E.Pakistan |Fresh leaves.India |Fruit. |

| | | | |Ceylon |

|As % of dry |DM |42.7 | |10.7 |

|matter | | | | |

| |CP |29.0 |15.6 |20.7 |

| |CF |19.1 |17.9 |27.0 |

| |Ash |9.1 |13.4 |8.9 |

| |EE |5.2 |4.4 |1.0 |

| |NFE |37.6 |48.7 |42.4 |

| |Ca |2.06 |3.22 | |

| |P |0.24 |0.27 | |

See the annexes at the end for explanation about the abbreviations.

Main medicinal uses

In traditional medicine, all the parts of the tree are used. The leaves a little warmed treat “flu” fever. Warmed longer, they can be used against pain (muscular, rheumatism…). Water extract seems to be antifertilitant.

The juice of the fresh leaves, the crushed roots can be used against :

- Pulmonary diseases, applying it as a dressing

- Pains like headache, applying it as a dressing on the painful zone (it has anti-nevralgique properties)

- To suppress or reduce the milk secretion, rubbing on the breast with the leaves crushed [2]

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

To promote digestion : bark, leaves and root acrid and pungent are taken [3] / root is chewed[4] / roots are eaten[4]

Colic : maceration of leafy twigs is drunk[4]

Urethral discharge, diuretic : bark extract is drunk[4]

Articular rheumatism, gout, arthritis : seed oil is rubbed in or bark resin is applied directly to the painful areas [4] / lightly boiled leaves, bark or root pulp is used as a dressing[4] / pulverized root is massaged in[4]

Stiffness : paste of twigs bark is applied to the painful area[4]

Fever : root decoction is drunk[4]

Headache : leaves are rubbed on the temples or leaves are ground in a little water and the liquid is drunk[4]

Earache : leaf sap is used as ear drops[4]

Gingival ulcers : root is chewed [4]

Wounds : pounded flowers and roots are used as a dressing[4]

Inflammations : leaf pulp is used as a dressing [4] / sap of root bark with salt is rubbed in[4]

Inflamed swellings : pounded roots mixed with salt are applied as a poultice (very effective!) [4]

Other uses

- Animal food : cattle, sheeps and goats can eat leaves, pods and young branch. Regular consummation of moringa leaves increase the production of milk. For cows, adding 2 or 3 kg of dry leaves per day increase the milk production of 3 or 4 kg per day. [5]

- From the seeds a very fluid oil, called Ben oil, can be obtain. It is used in watch-making and in perfume industry. [2]

References

[1] Trees and shrubs of east Africa p 235 

[2] , website of a french doctor

[3] tropical planting and gardening p 366

[4] African Traditional Med p 344

[5] , by the same author than

[6] Traditional food plants of Kenya p 181

[7] Tropical feeds

Ocimum basilicum

Human food uses

- Leaves can be used like a spicy in dishes, or for flavouring tea [2]

Nutritional composition [2]

| |Leaves |

|Energy kJ |313.5 |

|Water % |77.1 |

|Protein g |5.5 |

|Fibre g |2.1 |

|Ash g |5.2 |

|Fat g |1.4 |

|Total CHO g |13.9 |

Main medicinal uses [3]

Basil is often use to treat intestinal diseases.

Examples of traditional medicinal prescriptions

Asthma : root infusion is drunk

Colds : leaf sap or leaf pulp is sniffed / pulverized leaves are sniffed

Nasal and bronchial catarrh : vapor of decoction of leaves and stem is inhaled

Diarrhea : leaf decoction is drunk

Vomiting : root decoction is drunk

Digestant : 1 cup of infusion of 15 g of fresh plant in 1 liter of water is drunk in the evening Dysentery : leaf decoction is drunk

Meteorism : infusion of leaves is drunk

Diuretic : decoction of leafy twigs is drunk

Headache : mouth is filled with water, leaf sap is dropped into the nostris and the liquid is spat out / temples are massaged with leaf pulp mixed with palm oil

Fever: root decoction is drunk / infusion of leaves is drunk

Other uses

- Branches can be used as insect repellents [2], laying twigs or burning the plant on house fire [3]

- Basil can be placed in grain stores to reduce weevil attack[2]

- Essential oils from Basil are used in the perfume industry[2]

References

[1] picture from holy-basil.html

[2] Traditional Food Plants of Kenya

[3] African Traditional Medicine

Saba florida

Human food uses

The fruit is edible. It has a sweet-acid taste. [1]

Main medicinal uses

The fruit is used against skin diseases. The latex is a lactation stimulant (incl. Veterinary). The leaves seems to have laxative property. The roots are sometimes used as antidotes (venomous stings, bites, etc.). [2]

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Rheumatism : root decoction is drunk

Abscesses : latex is applied

Stomach complaints, colic, liver diseases : root decoction is drunk

Other uses [1]

- Stems used for wearing granaries and as a wall-plate in traditional houses[1]

- Stems used for supporting beehives[1]

- Rubber can be obtained from it[1]

- It can be used as a living fence (climber) or as an ornamental. Beautiful flowers and nice scent[1]

- Galactogogue for cows : latex is given [3]

References

[1]Traditional Food plants of kenya

[2] Burkill, H.M. 1985. The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol 1 in

[3] African Traditional Medicine p 451

Solanum melongena

[1]

Human food uses

-The fruit flesh is smooth, the numerous seeds are soft and edible along with the rest of the fruit. The skin is also edible, so that peeling is not required.

-Aubergine leaves are not edible[2, 3].

|Eggplant, raw |

| |

|Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) |

| |

|Energy 20 kcal   100 kJ |

|Carbohydrates     |

|5.7 g |

| |

|- Sugars  2.35 g |

| |

|- Dietary fiber  3.4 g   |

| |

|Fat |

|0.19g |

| |

|Protein |

|1.01g |

| |

|Thiamine (Vit. B1)  0.039 mg   |

|3% |

| |

|Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0.037 mg   |

|2% |

| |

|Niacin (Vit. B3)  0.649 mg   |

|4% |

| |

|Pantothenic acid (B5)  0.281 mg  |

|6% |

| |

|Vitamin B6  0.084 mg |

|6% |

| |

|Folate (Vit. B9)  22 μg  |

|6% |

| |

|Vitamin C  2.2 mg |

|4% |

| |

|Calcium  9 mg |

|1% |

| |

|Iron  0.24 mg |

|2% |

| |

|Magnesium  14 mg |

|4%  |

| |

|Phosphorus  25 mg |

|4% |

| |

|Potassium  230 mg   |

|5% |

| |

|Zinc  0.16 mg |

|2% |

| |

|Manganese 0.25 mg |

| |

| |

| |

|Percentages are relative to US |

|recommendations for adults. |

|Source : US Nutrient Database |

Main medicinal uses

The aubergine is used mainly as a food crop, but it does also have various medicinal uses that make it a valuable addition to the diet.It is said for example to help lowering blood cholesterol levels[6,3].

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

burns, abscesses, cold sores : a soothing and emollient poultice made from the leaves is applied[3]

Astringent : root decoction is drunk[4, 5]

References

[1] picture from ecosystema.ru/07referatscultrast/091.htm

[2] Stary. F. Poisonous Plants. Hamlyn 1983 ISBN 0-600-35666-3 in

[3] Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley. London 1996 ISBN 9-780751-303148 in

[4] Stuart. Rev. G. A. Chinese Materia Medica. Taipei. Southern Materials Centre 0

A translation of an ancient Chinese herbal. Fascinating.

[5] Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4

[6] Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald 1984 ISBN 0-356-10541-5

Solanum nigrum

Human food uses [2]

-Leaves can be use as a vegetable, for example cooked with amaranth, meat or cleome gynandra. Leaves are picked, boiled and may or may not be fried.

The ripe orange fruits are edible. The black fruits of the highland forms are bitter and may be poisonous. The green berries may contain poisonous solanum alkaloids and should not be eaten.

Nutritional composition [2]

| |Leaves raw |Leaves raw |

|Energy kJ |159 |184 |

|Water % |87.2 |85 |

|Protein g |4.3 |4.6 |

|Fibre g |1.3 |1.1 |

|Ash g |2.0 | |

|Fat g |0.8 | |

|Total CHO g |5.7 | |

|Vit C mg |20 |30 |

|ß-carotein eq μg |3660 |1700 |

|Na mg | | |

|P mg |75 | |

|Ca mg |442 |215 |

|Mg mg | | |

|Fe mg |1.0 |4.2 |

Main medicinal uses

Traditionally, Solanum nigrum is used for cure lots of diseases.

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Stomach-ache : warmed leaves and fruit are ground and infusion is drunk or raw or cooked leaves are eaten [3] [2]

Stomach ulcers : raw fruit is chewed and swallowed [1][3]

Stomach spasms : boiled leaf pulp is eaten[3]

Diarrhea : pulverized roots are taken in food or extract is drunk / fruit is eaten / leaf tea is drunk [3]

Nausea : leaf maceration is drunk[3]

Colds, lung disease : ripe fruit are mixed with honey and eaten[3]

Cough, rhinopharingitis : leaf sap is drunk or rubbed on / ripe fruit are mixed with honey and eaten [3]

Fever : infusion of fruits mixed with pimento is drunk / leaf tea is drunk [3]

Headache : leaf tea is drunk[3]

Aching teeth : application of unripe fruits (Makueni) [2]

Development of crooked teeth : infusion of the leaves and seeds is rubbed onto the gums of children[1]

Ulcers : pounded leaves are soaked in water and fermented[1] / leaf pulp is steeped and applied / fresh leaves are ground and applied/ leaf sap or leaf paste, leaf decoction or pounded green fruit are applied[3]

Bruises : leaf pulp is applied like a dressing[3]

Suppurating wounds : leaf sap or leaf paste, leaf decoction or pounded green fruit are applied[3]

Burns : leaf is applied [3]

Abscesses* : fruit ash is applied / fruit pulp is applied [3]

Others uses

- The leaves can be used as fodder for cattle and goats. [2]

References

[1] Medicinal plants of East Africa, p 206

[2] Traditional food plants of Kenya p 210

[3] African Traditional Medicine p 484

Trichilia emetica

Human food uses

This tree yields 60-80 lb. Dry nuts per tree. Nuts are rich in fatty oil, and edible[1]

Main medicinal uses

The roots of Trichili emetica are a very good emetic, but they can be lethal in overdose[3]. They are also used, like the leaves, for intestinal complaints[4]. Leaf and fruit poultices can be used in treatment of cuts and bruises [4].

Examples of medicinal prescriptions

Purgative : bark decoction is drunk [5]

Emetic : bark infusion is drunk[2]

Eczema, bruises : fruit or leaf dressings are used [5]

Stomach complaint : bark infusion is drunk [5]

Dental care, chewing sticks : twigs, drunk, wood or root wood is chewed [5]

Other uses

- Oil used in the manufacture of soaps and candles[1]

- The timber is light, and used for furniture making[3]

References

[1] Tropical planting and gardening p 381

[2]Common poisonous plants of East Africa p 105

[3] Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas p 407

[4] trees and shrubs of east Africa p 181

[5] African Traditional Medicine p 530

-----------------------

Common name : Baobab tree

Swahili name : Mbuyu

Family : Bombacaceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit, leaves, seeds)

- Medicinal

Common name : garlic

Family : Alliaceae

Main uses

- Human food (cloves and leaves)

- Medicinal

Side effect possible : stomach-ache [3] [6]

Other latin name : Aloe barbadensis

Swahili name : kitozi

Family : Liliaceae

[1]

Main use

- Medicinal

Caution

-Aloe vera does it offer protection from sunburn. [8]

-It has side effects possible if it is eaten : abdominal cramps and diarrhea [2]

Other names : Sugar apple, Atis, Custard apple

Swahili name : Mtomoko

Family : Annonaceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Medicinal

[4]

Caution

Seeds are poisonous [1]

Common names : Neem tree

Swahili name : Mkilifi, Mwarubaini kamili

Family : Meliaceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Medicinal

[1]

Other latin name : Blighia unijugata, Phialodiscus unijugatus

Family : Sapindaceae

Main uses

- Medicinal

Other names : No English name known

Swahili name : Mvunja-Vumo, Kibalazi-mwitu

Family : Capparaceae

Main uses

- Human food (leaves)

- Medicinal

[2]

Roots suspected to be poisonous [1]

Common name : Pigeon pea

Swahili name : Mbaazi

Family : ?

Main uses

- Human food (peas)

- Animal food (dry leaves and pods)

- Medicinal

Caution

Roots are poisonous  [4]

Common names : Apple of Sodom, Mudar fibre, Dead Sea Fruit

Swahili name : Mpamba mwitu

Family : Asclepiadaceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Medicinal

[1]

Caution

-Latex can be poisonous

Common names : Papaya, Paw-paw

Swahili name : Mpapai

Family : Caricaceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Animal food (leaves)

- Medicinal

[4]

Common names : whistling tree

Swahili name : Mvinje

Family : Casuarinaceae

Main uses

- Animal food (leaves)

- Medicinal

Common names : Horsewood

Other latin name : Clausena abyssinica, Clausena inaequalis

Swahili name : Mjavikali

ªº˜

 

¦

§

Ó

ø

ú

34oƒ…Ž›œ¥µ¿üòâÏâÅ»«§¡‘§‘§‘‡§yiViL?LhLú6?CJ OJQJ]?hLúCJ O) Muvengahonye (S) Muvhunambezo (S)

Family : Rutaceae

Main uses

- Medicinal

- Insect repellent

Other latin name : Gynandropsis gynandra, Cleome pentaphylla

Swahili name : Mwangani, mkabili

Family : Capparidaceae

Main uses

- Human food (leaves, flowers)

- Medicinal

[1]

Other latin name : Balsamodendrum africanum, Heudelotia Africana, Commiphora pilosa

Swahili name : Mkororo, Mbambara, Mturituri

Family : Burseraceae

Main uses

- Human food (roots, gum, bark)

- Medicinal

Other name : Turmeric

Swahili name : Bizari

Family : Zingiberaceae

Main uses

- Human food (rhizome)

- Medicinal

Common name : Lemon grass

Swahili name : Nyasi ngombe

Family : Gramineae

Main uses

- Human food (leaves)

- Medicinal

Note

Rare cases of hypersensitivity have been reported. Toxic alveolitis has been associated with inhalation of the oil

Common name : Sycamore fig

Other latin names :Ficus mucosa sensu

Swahili name : Mkuyu

Family : Moraceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Animal food (leaves)

- Medicinal

Common name :Fennel

Swahili name : No swahili name known

Family : Apiaceae

Main uses

- Human food (leaves, bulb, seeds)

- Medicinal

Common names : orange bird berry, bird gooseberry

Swahili name : mlanyuni, moulambulo

Family : Labiateae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Medicinal

Caution :

Bark can be poisonous [2]

Common name : Luffa, Loofah, sponge gourd

Other latin name : Luffa cylindrica

Family : Cucurbitaceae

Main uses

- Human food (immature fruits, young shoots, leaves, flowers)

- Medicinal

[5]

Common names : Drumstick tree, Horseradish tree

Latin name : Moringa oleifera , Moringa pterygosperma

Swahili name : Mzunze

Family : Moringaceae

Main uses

- Human food (peas)

- Animal food (dry leaves and pods)

- Medicinal

[2]

Important notes :

- root decoction in larger doses is dangerous[4] (because root bar contains poisonous alkaloids[6])

Common name : Basil

Swahili name : Vumbamanga

Family : Labiatae

Main uses

- Human food (leaves)

- Medicinal

[1]

Other latin names : Saba comorensis, Landolphia comorensis var florida

Swahili name : mbungo, mpira, bungo (fruit)

Family : Apocynaceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Medicinal

Common names : Egg plant, Aubergine, Brinjal

Other latin name : Solanum ovigerum, Solanum trongum

Swahili name : Mburungia

Family : Solanaceae

Main uses

- Human food (fruit)

- Medicinal

Common name : Black nightshade

Swahili name : mnavu, mnafu

Family : Solanaceae

Main uses

- Human food (leaves, sometimes fruits)

- Animal food (leaves)

- Medicinal

[2]

Common names : cape mahogany, Malfura, Malfureira-nut

Other latin name : trichilia roka

Swahili name : mnamaji, mnuamaji, mtimai, mubale, muwamaji

Family : Meliaceae

Main uses

- Human food (nuts)

- Medicinal

Caution :

Residue from the seeds is considered poisonous[2] [1] [4]

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download