The design and implementation of a smart-parking system for ...

Aalto University School of Science

Computer Science and Engineering

Charles Wasswa Sewagudde

The design and implementation of a smart-parking system for Helsinki Area

Espoo, June 3, 2016

Supervisor: Instructors:

Professor Kary Fr?mling, Aalto University Momir Beljic, M.Sc. (Tech.) and Sampsa Siitonen

Aalto University School of Science Degree Programme in Computer Science and Engineering

gineering Author: Charles Wasswa Sewagudde

ABSTRACT OF THE

Title: The design and implementation of a smart-parking system for Helsinki Area

Number of pages: 63

Date: June 3, 2016

Language: English

Professorship: Systems of Systems

Code: CSE-E4675

Supervisor: Professor Kary Fr?mling

Instructors: Momir Beljic M.Sc. (Tech.), Sampsa Siitonen

Abstract: The strain on the parking infrastructure for the general public has significantly grown as a result of the ever rising number of vehicles geared by the rapid population growth in urban areas. Consequently, finding a vacant parking space has become quite a challenging task, especially at peak hours. Drivers have to cycle back and forth a number of times before they finally find where to park. This leads to increased fuel consumption, air pollution, increased likelihood of causing accidents, to mention but a few. Paying for the parking is not straight forward either, as the ticket machines, on top of being located at a distance, in many times, they have several payment methods drivers must prepare for. A system therefore, that would allow drivers to check for the vacant parking places before driving to a busy city, takes care of the parking fee for exact time they have used, manages electronic parking permit, is right direction towards to toppling these difficulties.

The main objective of this project was to design and implement a system that would provide parking occupancy estimation, parking fee payment method, parking permit management and parking analytics for the city authorities. The project had three phases. The first and the second phases used qualitative approaches to validate our hypotheses about parking shortcoming in Helsinki area and recruitment of participants to the pilot of the project, respectively. The third phase involved the design, implementation and installation of the system. The other objective was to study the challenges a smart parking system would face at different stages of its life cycle.

The objectives of the project were achieved and the assumption about the challenges associated with parking in a busy city were validated. A smart parking system will allow drivers to check for available parking spaces beforehand, they are able to pay for the parking fee, they can get electronic parking permits, and the city authority can get parking analytics for the city planning.

Keywords: Smart parking system, LoRa, LoRaWAN, Internet of Things, IoT, Reverse SSH tunneling, Machine learning

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Acknowledgements On this project I worked as both systems and electronics engineer. Under the systems engineer role, I worked on the design of the Smart Parking System architecture together with the CIO (Krister Holmstrom). With the Electronic Engineer hood on, I was responsible for all the hardware used on the project, right from schematic design up to soldering the components to the printed circuit board, testing and installation. Other duties included brain storming on technology selection and algorithms, site surveys, and system installation and maintenance.

The interview part of this work was done with help of my colleague Aftab Ansari during the course Methods for Software Engineering and Business Research P. The objective of the course was to introduce us to research methods, approaches and processes in software engineering and business both in academy and industry. The course also provided us with practice on formulating research questions and planning empirical studies for our master's theses.

I would like to thank my supervisor professor Kary Fr?mling for his guidance and advise on many issues including the technical correctness of this thesis. I wish also to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues at Witrafi Oy without whose support and hard work, the project would not have been completed. First I thank my instructor Sampsa Siitonen, for allowing me to write my thesis on their project, and my instructors for guiding me whenever I went wrong. Secondly, i wish to thank the following teams for their great work towards this project: The backend team Krister Holmstrom and Nelson Makubuya; the frontend team - Doan Minh Hieu; Industrial design team

Thomas Wahl; Data analysis/machine learning team-Momir Beljic; Management team - Sampsa Siitonen and the embedded software team Jonathan Malangoni and Toni Piira. Thank you guys, I learned a lot from you and please continue that good spirit.

Lastly, I wish to thank my family especially Rosette and my son Ethan for enduring my absence during the project and thesis writing time. And the family members and friends, forgive me for not returning your calls, I was packed up but now I am free again.

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Try Not to Become a Man of Success, But Albert Einstein

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Table of Contents

Abstract: ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Objectives of the project................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Research questions............................................................................................................................ 7

1.2.1 What are the challenges associated with parking in Helsinki Area? .....................................................8 1.2.2 What are the advantages of smart Parking in Helsinki Area? ..............................................................8 1.2.3 What are the challenges a Smart Parking system for Helsinki Area would face? ...............................8

1.3 The different roles I played during the project.............................................................................. 8 1.4 The Use Case diagram for the Smart Parking System ................................................................11 1.5 Structure of the thesis.....................................................................................................................12 2. Background ....................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 IoT Architectures............................................................................................................................13

2.1.1 Architectural Model of IoT Public Sensing ...........................................................................................14 2.1.2 IoT Architecture Proposal for Disabled People.....................................................................................14 2.1.3 An IoT Gateway Centric Architecture...................................................................................................15 2.1.4 Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) Architecture ..............................................................17

2.2 IoT standards that would support Smart Parking....................................................................... 18

2.2.1 The Open Data Format Standard...........................................................................................................18 2.2.2 Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) .......................19 2.2.3 The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) .....................................................................................21 2.2.4 The LoRaWAN protocol .........................................................................................................................21

2.3 Wireless Technologies and remote connection.............................................................................24

2.3.1 Active RFID based positioning ...............................................................................................................24 2.3.2 Long Range IoT Communication Systems in Unlicensed bands..........................................................25 2.3.3 Reverse SSH Tunneling based remote control ......................................................................................26

2.4 Web technologies and Frameworks...............................................................................................28

2.4.1 Restful Application interface ..................................................................................................................28 2.4.2 HTML 5 and CSS3...................................................................................................................................29 2.4.3 Spring Framework ...................................................................................................................................29 2.4.4 Django .......................................................................................................................................................31

2.5 Machine Learning...........................................................................................................................32 3.0 METHODS ..........................................................................................................................................33

3.1 Qualitative approach ......................................................................................................................33

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