Vinnitsa national N
Vinnitsa national N.I. Pirogov memorial medical university
Pharmacology department
Methodical instruction
For pharmacology practical classes
for English-speaken students
of medical and stomatological faculties
under the general edition of the Head of Phrmacology department, prof. G.I. Stepanyuk
Vinnitsa - 2013
MODULE 1
“General prescription.
Drugs infLUENCE ON PERIPHERAL and
central nervous system. Hormonal drugs. Antiinflammatory and antialLergic drugs
Theme 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION. RULES FOR ORDERING PRESCRIPTION FOR OUT PATIENTS. Firm medicinal forms.
Aim: to memorize the rules of prescription and the order of solid medicinal forms.
Questions for self-preparation
1. The prescriptions, its structure.
2. Prescription as a medical, juridical and financial document.
3. Prescription forms, their purpose, uses and storage.
4. The rules of ordering prescriptions for outpatients.
5. Peculiarities of storage, prescription and dispense of narcotic agent.
6. The rules of prescription, storage and dispense of poisonous and potent medicines.
7. State Pharmacopoeia. Its contents and purpose.
8. Classification of medicinal forms officinal and magisterial prescription.
9. Classification and characteristic of firm (solid) medicinal forms.
10. Powders: simple and compound ones; divided and nondivided powders; powders for internal and external use. The rules of dosed (divided) and undosed (nondivided), simple and compound powders’ prescription.
11. Tablets: general characteristics, variants of prescriptions.
12. Dragee: characteristics, writing prescriptions.
13. Types, characteristics and purpose of capsules. Rules of prescription.
14. Granules and pills: general characteristic and prescriptions.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. 50,0 of smallest powder of Norsulfasoli for applying upon wounds.
2. Powder containing 20,0 of Zinci oxydi and 30,0 of Talci. Powder for sprinkling.
3. 30,0 of Magnii sulfatis. 1 spoonful of powder dissolve in 2/3 glass of warm water.
4. 12 powders, containing Acidi acetylsalicylici, MD (moment dose of preparation ) – 0,5. One powder 3 times a day. Take the drug with milk.
5. 6 powders, containing Codeini phosphas, MD – 0,01, and Natrii hydrocarbonas, MD – 0,5. Take one powder three times a day.
6. 12 amylaceous capsules, containing Platyphyllini hydrotartras, MD-0,05, and Papaverini hydrochloridum, MD – 0,02. One capsule three times a day.
7. 10 gelatinous capsules, containing Oleum Ricini, MD – 1,5. One capsule three times a day.
8. 20 tablets of Nitroglicerini, MD – 0,0005 g. One tablet under the tongue in case of agnina pectoris.
9. 20 tablets of Paracetamoli, MD – 0,2. One tablet in case of headache.
10. 30 tablets of “Vicalinum”. One tablet a day after meals.
11. 10 dragee of Diazolini, MD – 0,05. One dragee 3 times a day after meals.
12. 100,0 granules of Calcii glycerophosphatis. To introduce 1 teaspoonful 3 times a day.
Literature
1. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». -2004. – P.6 -15
2. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 2. SOFT MEDICINAL FORMS
Aim: to memorize the rules of prescription of soft medicinal forms
Questions for self-preparation
Special attention should be paid to the following:
1. Common characteristics of soft medicinal forms.
2. Ointments. General characteristics of ointments. Types of prescribing of ointments: short and full ones. Officinal ointments.
3. Pastes. The composition and use of pastes. Their difference from ointments. Types of prescribing of pastes.
4. Liniments. Difference of liniments from ointments. Types of prescribing of liniments.
5. Suppositories. Characteristic kinds and uses of suppositories. Substances used as basis for suppositories manufacture.
6. Rules of suppositories prescribing
Write out in the prescription form
1. 30,0 of ointment, containing 2,5% of Hydrocortisoni. Grease the wounds.
2. 10,0 of ocular ointment, containing 0,5% of Hydrocortisoni. Place some ointment into conjuctival sac.
3. 20,0 of officinal unguenti Zinci. Grease the borders of wounds.
4. 30,0 of pastae, containing 0,2% of Furacilini. Place some paste to the injured skin.
5. Officinal pasta Zinci–salicilata. Place some paste to the injured skin.
6. 100 ml of liniment containing 10% of Chloroformii. Rub into the loin.
7. 50,0 of paste, containing 50% of Zinci oxidi. Apply to the affected areas of the skin.
8. Officinal Aloes linimenti. Place into injured skin.
9. 12 rectal suppositories, containing Anaesthesinum, MD – 0,1. One suppository before slipping.
10. 12 suppositories vaginal, containing Trichomomacidi, MD – 0,05. One suppository before sleepping.
11. 10 officinal suppositories rectal “Bethiolum”. One suppository twice a day.
Literature
1. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». -2004. – P.24-26
2. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 3. Liquid medicinal forms (Solution for internal and external use). Drug FORMS FOR INJECTIONS
Aim: To memorize the rules of prescription and the order of solution for inner and external use.
Questions for self-preparation
1. General characteristics of solutions as a medicinal forms. Dissolvents.
2. Solutions for external and internal introduction.
3. Types of solution prescribing: short and full forms.
4. Different methods of indicating of solution concentrations.
5. Drug forms for injections, requirements to them.
6. Prescribing of drugs for injections in ampoules, bottles.
7. The peculiarity o prescribing of drugs for injections preparing in pharmacy.
Write out in the prescription form
1. 1000 ml 0,1% Kalii permanganas solution. For wounds’ bathe. Prescribe in complete and shorten forms, mark the concentration in shorten forms by three methods.
2. 500 ml official solution of Hydrogenii peroxydi dilutae. 1 spoonful dissolves in glass of water for mouth gargle.
3. 3% Aceclidini solution. Eye drops. 2 drops 3 times a day.
4. 10 ml 0,125% oil solution of Ergocalciferoli. For inner use. 1 drop per day.
5. 30 ml 10% spirit solution of Camphorae. For rubbing.
6. For 20 receptions by tablespoons solution of Kalii chloridi. MD – 1,0. Take 1 tablespoonful 3 times a day.
7. For internal use by 10 drops on 30 receptions solution of Platyphyllini hydrotartratis, MD – 0,005. Take 10 drops 3 times a day.
8. 5 ampoules each containing 1 ml of 0,1% solution of Adrenalini hydrochloridi. To introduce 1 ml intramuscularly or subcutaneously.
9. 10 ampoules each containing 5 ml of 5% solution of Unithioli. To introduce 5 ml intramuscularly.
10. 5 ampoules, containing 1 ml (5 units) Oxytocini. Ampoules` content dissolves in 500 ml 5% solution of Glucosae, for intravenous injection.
11. 6 ampoules with 0,1% solution of Synoestroli in oil. Each ampoule contains 1 ml. To introduce 1 ml intramuscularly.
12. 10 bottles of Corticotropini. Each bottle contains 10 U of the drug. To dissolve the contents of 1 bottle in 1 ml of water for injections, to introduce 10 U intramuscularly.
13. 10 bottles with containing 0,5 powder of Ampicillini. To dissolve the contents of 1 bottle in 2 m l of water for injections, to introduce intramuscularly 4 times a day.
Literature
1. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». -2004. – P. 16-20
2. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 4. LIQUID MEDICINAL FORMS. INFUSIONS and DECOCTIONS, TINCTURES and EXTRACTS, EMULSIONS, MUCUSES, SUSPENSIONIS, NOVOGALENICAL drugs.
Aim: to memorise the rules of infusions, emulsions, mixtures, tinctures, liquid extracts, new–Galena’s preparations prescription.
Questions for self-preparation
1. General characteristic of infusions and decoctions, methods of preparing, way of dosing, rules of prescribing.
2. General characteristic of tinctures, differences from infuses and decoctions. Way of dosing, rules of prescribing.
3. Common characteristic of extracts, their types, methods of preparation, prescribing in different medicinal forms. Prescription of liquid extracts.
4. Common characteristic of emulsions, their types, components, preparing.
5. Other liquid medicinal forms: syrups, aromatic waters, mucuses as ingredients of mixtures. Forms of mixtures prescribing, their dosing.
6. Novogalenical preparations, their characteristics, difference between Galena’s and new Galena’s preparations, ways of their putting into organism. Rules of prescribing and dosing of new Galena’s preparations.
7. Common characteristics of suspensions and emulsions. Prescription and administration.
Write out in the prescription form
1. For 12 receptions infusion of Adonis vernalis herb, correlation 1(30. For internal use. One teaspoonful 3 times a day.
2. Infusion from Sennae folium for 10 receptions. MD of folium Sennae – 1,0. Take 1 tablespoonful before bedtime.
3. 200 ml of cortex Quercus decoction. Correlation 1(20. For internal use. One tablespoon 3 times a day.
4. 30 ml of Streptocidi officinal emulsum. Put on burn skin.
5. 20 tablets, containing dry extract of Belladonna (MD 0,015). Take 1 tablet 3 times a day.
6. Viburni liquid extract. For internal use. 20 drops 3 times a day.
7. Lantosidum (novogalenic preparation). For inner use. 15 drops 3 times a day.
8. Mixture, containing tincturae Valerianae (MD 20 drops) and tincturae Leonuri (MD 15 drops). Take 3 times a day.
9. Mixture, containing Polygonii hydropiperis fluidi extract and Viburni fluidi extract in equal parts. Take 30 drops 3 times a day.
Literature
1. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». -2004. – P. 20-24
2. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 5: Final study “General prescriptions”.
1.
Theme 6. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY. PHARMACOKINETICS.
Aim: To study main pharmacological terms and conceptions of pharmacokinetics
Questions for self-preparation
1. The characteristics of the terms "pharmacokinetic”.
2. Routes of drugs administration
3. Absorption of drugs. Factors affecting drug absorption.
4. Distribution of drugs.
5. Drug metabolism (biotransformation). Biochemical reactions involved in drug metabolism. Factors affecting drug metabolism.
6. Drug excretion. Routes of elimination.
7. Routes of drugs administration.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 17-26.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P. 27-30.
Theme 7. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY. PHARMACODYNAMIC.
PHARMACOGENETIC. CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY
Aim: To study main pharmacological terms and conceptions of pharmacodynamic, pharmacogenetic, chronopharmacology. To study main species of incompatibility of drugs and main side effects of drugs
Questions for self-preparation
1. The characteristics of the terms "pharmacodynamics”, "pharmacotherapy".
2. The localization and the main mechanisms of drug action conception of the terms "receptor", "agonist", "antagonist".
3. The main types of drug therapy.
4. Dependence of pharmacological effects on the properties of chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, etc.
5. The dependence of pharmacological effect on pathologic status of the organism, on biological rhythms, genetic and anthropogenic factors.
6. The importance of factors of the external environment for the drugs action.
7. The action of drugs in their repeated introductions (cumulation, tolerance, tachyphylaxis).
8. Drug dependence. Medical and social aspects.
9. The incompatibility of drugs (the pharmacologic and pharmacy ones).
10. Combined action of drugs (synergism, antagonism, antidotes).
11. The main and the side action of drugs. Allergic reaction. Idiosyncrasy. Toxic effects.
12. Teratogenic, embryotoxic, mutagenic and cancerogenic effects of drugs.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 27-31.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.30-34
Drugs infLUENCE ON PERIPHERAL nervous systeme
Theme 8: M-, N-cholinomimetic agents, anticholinesterase agents, cholinesterase reactivators.
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs, which influence upon the M-, N-cholinoreceptors.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of cholinomimetics: direct-acting (M- and N-cholinomimetics, M-cholinomimetics, N-cholinomimetics), indirect-acting (cholinesterase inhibitors) drugs.
2. M-cholinomimetics (Pilocarpini hydrochloridum). Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
3. Classification of cholinesterase inhibitors. Pharmacology of anticholinesterase agents with reversible action (Proserinum (Neostigminum), Galanthamini hydrobromidum (Nivalinum), Pyridostigmini bromidum (Kalymin). Classification, mechanism of action, pharmacology effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
4. Anticholinesterase agents of irreversible action (phosphoroorganic drugs). Acute poisoning by phosphoroorganic drugs, its treatment.
5. Reactivators of cholinesterase (Alloximum). Mechanism of action. Indications for use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Pilocarpini hydrochloridum in bottle and eye ointment. 2. Proserinum in tab., amp, eye drops. 3. Galanthamini hydrobromidum in amp. 4. Pyridostigmini bromidum in drage, amp. 5. Dipiroximum. 6. Alloximum.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.43-46.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.36-38
3 . Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 9. M-CHOLINOBLOCKERS, N-CHOLINOBLOCKERS (GANGLIOBLOCKERS, MYORELAXANTS).
Aim: To memorize the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical uses and complications of M-cholinoblockers, ganglioblockers, neuromuscular drugs (myorelaxants).
Questions for self-preparation
1. M-cholinoreceptor blockers (Atropini sulfas, Extr. Belladonnae, Platyphyllini hydrotartras, Scopolamini hydrobromidum, Methacinum, Ipratropii bromidum (Atrovent), Pirenzepinum (Gastrozepinum): pharmacodynamics, mechanism of action.
2. Indication for use, side effects and contraindications for use of M-cholinblockers.
3. Acute intoxication of M-cholinoblockers, signs and treatment.
4. Classification of N-cholinoblocking agents: ganglioblockers (Benzohexonium (Hexamethonium), Pentaminum (Azamethonium), Hygronium), myorelaxants (Tubocurarini chloridum, Pipecuronii bromidum (Arduan), Dithylinum (Myo-Relaxin, Lystenon)). Mechanisms of their action.
5. Applications for use of ganglioblocking agents. Side effects and containdications.
6. Applications for use of myorelaxants. Side effects and contraindications.
Write out the prescriptions:
1. Atropini sulfas in amp., eye drops. 2. Plathyphyllini hydrotartras in supp, amp. 3. Ipratropii bromidum (Atrovent) 4. Benzohexonium in tab., amp.; 5. Pentaminum 6. Tubocurarini chloridum 7. Dithylinum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 47-54.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.37-39
3 . Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 10. ADRENOMIMETIC AGENTS.
Aim: To memorize the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical uses and complications of adrenomimetic agents.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Adrenomimetic drugs classification.
2. α-Adrenomimetic drugs (Noradrenalini hydrotartras (Norepinephrine), Mesatonum (Phenylephrine), Naphthyzinum (Sanorine), Oxymetazoline (Galazolin, Pharmazolin, Nasyvin, Nazol). Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
3. β- Adrenomimetic drugs (Dobutaminum (Dobutrex), Orciprenalini sulfas (Alupent, Astmopent), Fenoterolum (Berotec, Partusisten), Salbutamolum). Classification. Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
4. α,β- Adrenomimetic drugs (Adrenalini hydrochloridum (Epyinephrine). Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
5. Adrenomimetic drugs of indirect action (sympathomimetic) (Ephedrini hydrochloridum). Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
Write out the prescriptions:
1. Adrenalini hydrochloridum in amp. 2. Noradrenalini hydrotartras in amp. 3. Mesatonum in amp. 4. Naphthyzinum. 5. Dobutaminum in amp. 6. Salbutamolum in aer. 7. Ephedrini hydrochloridum in amp.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 55-62.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.41-43
3 . Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 11. ANTIADRENERGIC DRUGS, sympatholytics.
Aim: To memorize the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical uses and complications of antiadrenergic and sympatholytic agents.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Antiadrenergic drugs classification: adrenoblockers, sympatholytics.
2. Classification of adrenoblocking drugs.
3. α-Adrenoblockers drugs (Prazosinum, (Adversutenum, Pratisolum), Doxazosinum (Kardura), Terazosonum (Cornam, Setegis). Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
4. β- Adrenoblockers drugs (Anaprilinum (Propranololum, Inderal, Obsidan), Oxprenololum (Trasicor), Atenololum (Tenormin), Metoprololum (Cоrvitol, Spesicor), Talinololum (Cordanum, Timoptic). Classification. Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
5. α,β- Adrenoblockers drugs (Labetalolum). Mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, therapeutic uses, adverse effects.
6. Pharmacology of sympatholytics. Mechanisms of action of different drugs. Indication and contraindications for use, side effects. (Reserpinum (Rausedil), Methyldopa (Dopegyt), Octadinum (Guanethidine)
Write out the prescriptions:
1. Prazosinum in tab. 2. Doxazosinum in tab. 3. Anaprilinum in tab., amp. 4. Oxprenololum in tab. 5. Atenololum in tab. 6. Metoprololum in tab., amp. 7. Reserpinum in tab., amp. 8. Methyldopa in tab.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 62-70.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.43-45
3 . Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
AGENTS THAT AFFECT THE AFFERENT INNERVATION
Theme 12. Local anaesthetics, irritating drugs, astringent agents, adsorbents, covering drugs
Aim: To memorise the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the agents that influence on afferent innervation (local anaesthetics, irritating drugs, astringents, adsorbents, covering agents), their clinical usages and complications.
Questions for self-preparation.
1. The conception of the term "anesthesia", its types. The main requirements to anesthetics.
2. Chemical classification of local anaesthetics, main representatives of each group (Dicainum (Tetracaine), Anaesthesinum (Benzocaine), Novocainum (Procainum), Trimecainum, Lidocainum (Xycainum), Ultracainum (Articainum), Bupivacainum (Marcainum). Mechanism of action of local anaesthetics.
3. Indications for usage of local anaesthetics (doses and concentration according to the types of anesthesia).
4. Adverse effects of local anaesthetics, their prophylactic measures and treatment.
5. The principle and mechanism of action of organic and inorganic astringent drugs (Tanninum, Decoctum cortices Quercus, Infusum folium Salviae, Infusum flores Chamomillae, Infusum folium Hyperici), applications for their usage.
6. The mechanism of action and application for usage of covering drugs (Mucilago Amyli, Semen Lini).
7. The mechanism of action and applications for usage of adsorbing drugs (Carbo activatus, Silard (Silics, Polisorb), Enterosgel).
8. The mechanism of action of irritative drugs (Mentholum, Solutio Ammonii caustici, Camphora) upon the skin and mucous membranes, applications for usage.
Write out the prescriptions.
1. Novocainum in amp. 2. Lidocainum in amp, aer. 3. Anaesthesinum in powder and ointment. 4. Dicainum 5. Ultracainum 6. Tanninum in water solution. 7. Decoctum of oak’s bark. 8. Ammonium solution 9. Carbo activatus.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 32-39.
1. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.35
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Drugs infLUENCE ON central nervous systeme
Theme 13. General anesthetics. Pharmacology and toxicology of spiritus aethylicus.
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs for general anaesthesia, ethyl alcohol
Questions for self-preparation
1. Characteristics of general anesthesia
2. Classification of general anesthetics, their physico-chemical characteristics and principle of action.
3. Influence of the inhaled general anesthetics upon the cardiovascular system, respiration, metabolism, thermoregulation.
4. Comparative estimation of inhaled general anesthetics (Ether, Isoflurane (Forane), Nitrous oxide), their activity, speed of the effect development, duration of action, manageability of general anesthesia, side effects, inflammability.
5. Peculiarities of action of non-inhaled (intravenous) general anesthetics (Propanididum (Sombrevinum), Propofolum (Diprivan), Thiopentalum-natrium, Ketaminum (Kalypsol, Ketolar, Ketanest), Natrii oxybutiras) their classification, applications and contraindications for their use.
6. Comparative estimation of non-inhaled (intravenous) general anesthetics.
7. Pharmacology and toxicology of spiritus aethylicus. Alcoholism, their social problems. Drugs used for treatment of chronic alcoholism (Teturam (Disulphiramum).
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 72-82.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.46-48
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 14. HYPNOTIC AGENTS. ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS. ANTIPARKINSONICAL PREPARATIONS
Aim : to memories the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of hypnotic agents, antiepileptic and antiparcinsonical preparations.
Questions for self-preparation.
1. Principles of insomnia treatment.
2. Classification and mechanism of action of hypnotic agents
3. Pharmacodinamic and usage of Phenobarbital.
4. Benzodiazepines derivatives as hypnotic agents (Nitrazepam (Radedorm), their pharmacodynamic and usage. Others hypnotic drygs (Bromizoval, Donormil, Zopiclone, Zolpidemum)
5. Acute poisoning with hypnotic agents, main principles of their treatment.
6. Common characteristics of antiepileptic preparations (Carbamazepinum (Finlepsin, Tegretol), Dipheninum (Phenytoin), Hexamidinum (Primidone), Na valproas (Сonvulex, Depakin, Acediprol), Ethosuximidum (Suxilep), Lamotrigine (Lamictal), Diazepamum (Seduxen, Relanium, Valium), Clonazepam (Rivatril, Antelepsin). Agents used for removing of epipeptic status.
7. Pharmacology of antiepileptical drugs used for prevention of major and minor convulsion fits.
8. Antiparcinsonical preparations (Levodopa (L-dopa, Madopan), Nakom (Dopar), Biperiden (Akineton), Midantanum (Amantadinum), Cyclodolum (Parkopan), Selegilinum (Cognitiv), Baclophen (Spastin), Midocalm (Tolperisone), Bromocriptinum (Parlodel). Mechanism of actions. Pharmacodynamics and usage.
Write out the prescriptions:
1. Phenobarbitalum in tab. 2. Nitrazepam in tab. 3. Zopiclon. 4. Ethosuximid in caps., bottle. 5. Diazepamum in tab, amp. 6. Natrii valproas in tab. 7. Levodopa in tab. 8. Midantanum in tab. 9. Nakom 10. Cyclodolum.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 82-94.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.49-51
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 15. Narcotic analgesics
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of opioid analgesics.
Questions for self-preparation
1. General characteristics and sources of narcotic analgesics.
2. The mechanism of action of narcotic analgesics, their classification, specific antagonists.
3. Obtaining, main and side effects of Morphini hydrochloridum. Acute poisoning by morphine and measures of urgent aid.
4. Comparative characteristics of other opium derivates (Omnoponum, Codeinum, Pentazocinum, Buprenorphinum)
5. Comparative characteristics of synthetic opioid analgesics (Promedolum, Phentanylum, Tramadolum)
6. Indications and contraindications for use of opioid analgesics.
7. Side effects of opioid analgesics. Development of drug addiction. Morphinism, its medical and social aspects.
8. Acute poisoning by Morphinum. Emergency aid and treatment. Specific antagonistis of narcotic analgesics (Naloxonum, Naltrexonum). Their use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Omnopon in amp. 2. Morphini hydrochloridum in amp. 3. Promedolum in tab., amp. 4. Phentanylum in amp. 5. Tramadolum in caps., amp. 6. Naloxonum in amp.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 95-102.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.53-54
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 16. Non-narcotic drugs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of steroid and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of non-narcotic analgesic drugs: analgesics-antipyretics; non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
2. The mechanism of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions of non-opioid analgesics.
3. Comperative characteristics of analgesics-antipyretics (Analginum, Paracetamolum). Applications for their use, side effects and their correction, contraindications for use.
4. Comperative characteristics of NSAIDs (Acidum acethylsalcylicum, Ibuprophenum, Indomethacinum, Diclophenac-sodium, Ketorolac (Ketanov, Ketorol), Butadionum, Meloxicamum, Nimesulidum, Celecoxibe, Amisonum). Applications for their use.
5. Combined drugs (Baralginum, Spasmalgonum). Their use.
6. Side effects of non-narcotic analgesics, their correction and prophylaxic. Contraindications for use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Analginum in tab. and amp. 2. Acidum acethylsaliculicum. 3. Paracetamolum 4. Indomethacinum in tab. and oinment. 5. Butadionum in tab. and oinment. 6. Diclophenac-sodium in tab. and amp. 7. Nimesulidum. 8. Meloxicam 9. Celecoxibe. 10. Baralgine.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 102-104.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.55
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 17. Neuroleptics, Tranquilizers, sedative drugs
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of neuroleptics, tranquilizers and sedative preparations.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Definition and general characteristics of neuroleptics, mechanism of action, pharmacological effects.
2. Applications for use of neuroleptics, side effects and their correction, contraindications for use.
3. Comperative characteristics of phenothiazin (Aminazinum, Trifthazinum), thioxanthenes (Chlorprothixenum), butyrophenones derivates (Haloperidolum, Droperidolum) and othere groups of neuroleptics (Clozapinum, Reserpinum, Sulpyridum (Eglonil)
4. Definition and general characteristics of tranquilizers, their differences from neuroleptics. Classification after chemical structure, mechanism of action, pharmacological effects.
5. Applications for use of tranquilizers, side effects and their correction, contraindications for use. Rules of prescription.
6. Comparative characteristics of Clozepidum, Sibazonum (Seduxen, Diazepam, Relanium, Valium), Phenazepamum, Trioxazinum, Oxylidinum (Benzoclidine), Gidazepamum, Mezapamum (Medazepam).
7. Definition and general characteristics of sedative drugs (Natrii bromidum, Kalii bromidum, Extr. and Tinct. Valerianae, Tinct. Leonuri, Corvalolum, Novo-pasit, Persen). Pharmacodynamics of bromides and other sedative drugs (of plant origins, synthetic medicines).
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Aminazinum in dragee and amp. 2. Trifthazinum in tab. and amp. 3. Haloperidolum 4. Droperidolum. 5. Clozapinum in tab., amp. 6. Sibasonum in tab. and amp. 7. Chlozepidum 8. Inf. and tinct of Valeriane. 9. Corvalolum. 10. Persen.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.105-108, 110-113.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.56
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 18. Analeptics, psychostimulants
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of analeptics, and psychostimulant preparations.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Definition and general characteristics of analeptics, classification after the mechanisms of stimulating action upon the CNS.
2. The main pharmacologic effects, application for use of analeptics (Aethymizolum), side effects, contraindication.
3. Combined-action analeptics (Sulfocamphocainum, Cordiaminum (Niketamide), Camphora). Other analeptics (Ammonium solution).
4. Definition and general characteristics of psychostimulators. Classification, mechanism of action, pharmacological effects.
5. Comparative characteristics of Xantine derivates (Coffeinum-natrii bensoas, Sydnocarbum, Theobrominum, Theophyllinum).
6. Applications for use of psychostimulants, side effects, contraindications for use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Ethimizolum in tab and amp. 3. Coffeinum-natrii bensoas in amp. 4. Sulfocamphocainum in amp. 5. Cordiaminum in drops for internal use and in amp. 6. Sidnocarbum in tab. 7. Theophyllinum. 8. Camphora for external use
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.123-125, 114-115.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.60, 63
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 19. ANTIDEPRESSANTS, Lithium drugs, ADAPTOGENS. Actoprotectors.
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of antidepressants, lithium drugs, adaptogens. actoprotectors preparations.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Definition of antidepressants: classification after the mechanism of action, pharmacological effects.
2. Comparative characteristics of antidepressants (Imisinum, Amitriptillinum, Nialamidum (Pirasidol), Fluoxetinum), applications for use, side effects.
3. Lithium drugs (Lithii carbonas, Lithium oxybutyras), supposed mechanisms of action, use for the prophylaxis and treatment of manias, side effects.
4. Definition of adaptogens (Tinctura Ginseng, Extr. Eleyterococci fluidum, Tinctura Schizandrae, Extr. Leuzeae fluidum, Pantocrinum): main drugs, pharmacological effects. Applications for use, side effects.
5. Definition of actoprotectors. Pharmacological characteristic of Bemithylum. Indication for use. Side effects.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Imizinum in tab., amp. 2. Amitriptillinum in tab., amp. 3. Pirasidolum in tab. 4. Fluoxetinum in caps. 5. T-ra Ginseng. 6. Extract of Eleuterococcus. 7. Pantocrinum in tab., bottl. 8. Lithii carbonas. 9. Bemithylum.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 116-121.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P. 58-59, 62.
3 . Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 20. nootropic drugs. Drugs, which relieve insufficiency of cerebral circulation anf treatment of migraine.
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of nootropic preparations and drugs, which relieve insufficiency of cerebral circulation.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Definition and general characteristics of nootropic drugs. Classification.
2. Pharmacodynamics of nootropic drugs (Рyracetamum, (Nootropil), Aminalonum, (Gammalon), Natrii oxybutyras). Indications and contraindications for usage, side effects.
3. The main principles of treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency. Classification of drugs, improve brain circulation. Pharmacology characteristic of Cinnarizinum, Vinpocetinum (Cavinton), Nicergolinum (Sermion), Flunarizine, Nimodipine (Nimotop), Xantinoli nicotinas (Complamin), Pentoxyphyllinum (Trental). Their mechanisms of action, indications and contraindications for usage.
4. Antioxidants (Tocopheroli acetas, Acidum nicotinicum) in the treatment of cerebral circulation disorders.
5. Drugs, used for treatment of migraine (spasmolytics, beta-adrenoblockers, ergot derivates, agonists of serotonin receptors). Pharmacological characteristic of Sumatriptanum (Imigran).
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Pyracetamum in tab and amp. 2. Pentoxyphyllinum in tab., amp. 3. Nimodipinum in tab., bottle. 4. Aminalonum in tab. 5. Nicergolin in tab. 6. Vinpocetin (Cavinton) in tab., amp. 7. Cinnarizinum in tab. 8. Xantinoli nicotinas in tab., amp.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 122-123.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.61
3 . Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 21. Antiallergic and immunotropic drugs
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of anti-allergic agents and immunomodulators, their clinical usage and complications.
Questions for self-preparation.
1. Classification of antiallergic drugs:
I. Drugs used to treat immediate hypersensitivity reactions:
1.1.Agents that inhibit release of histamine and other active substances:
- Glucocorticoids – Hydrocortisoni acetas, Prednisolonum, Dexamethasonum, Beclomethasoni dipropionas;
1.2. agents which prevent the release of allergy mediators from sensibilized basophils- Cromolyn-sodium, Ketotiphenum
1.3. H1–receptors blockers drug – Dimedrolum, Diprazinum, Phencarolum, Loratadinum, Diasolinum.
1.4. Desensibilizators – Histaglobulins;
1.5. Compliment system inhibitors - Heparinum, Acidum aminocapronicum
1.6. Symptomatic drugs:
1. adrenomimetics (Adrenalinum, Ephedrinum, Mesatonum).
2. Broncholitics of myotropic acting (Euphyllinum).
II Antiallergic drugs in slowing allergy: nonsteroids anti-inflammatory drugs; immunodepressants
Pharmacodynamics, indications for use, side effects.
2. Main principles of emergency therapeutic treatment of anaphylactic shock.
3. Classification on immunostimulants:
1. Drugs that primary stimulate nonspecific protective factors – purine and pyrimidine derivatives
2. preparations of thymus – Thymalinum, Tactivinum.
3. drugs that primary stimulation of monocytes (macrophages) – Prodigiosanum, Pyrogenalum.
4. drugs that primary stimulate K-cells – interferons, lymphokins.
5. Interferons
6. Synthetic drugs – Levamisolum
Pharmacodynamics, indications for use.
4. Pharmacology of Immunosupressants: Azathioprinum, indications for use. Corticosteroids. cytostatics. Indications for use, side effects.
Write out the prescriptions.
1. Dimedrolum in tab., amp. 2. Diazolinum 3. Cromolin-sodium 4. Phencarolum 5. Suprastinum in tab., amp. 6. Loratadinum 7. Thymalinum 8. Prednisolonum in tab., amp. 9. Levamisolum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 342-354.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.113-115
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 22. Endocrine drugs Drugs of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and pancreatic hormones
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of hormones and hormonopreparations of pituitary, thyroid and pancreatic glands.
Questions for self-preparation
1. The general principles of neuro-endocrinic regulation of the organism’s function.
2. Classification of hormones by the chemical structure, mechanisms of their action.
3. Endocrine drugs: sources of obtaining, main indications for the use.
4. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects and indications for usage of the anterior pituitary hormones’ drugs (Corticotropinum (ACTH)).
5. Posterior pituitary hormones’ drugs, indications for usage (Oxytocinum, Vasopressinum).
6. Thyroid gland hormones’ drugs (Triiodthyronini hydrochloridum, L-Thyroxinum (Eutyrox)), indications for usage, side effects.
7. Antithyroid drugs (Mercazolilum (Tiamazole): mechanism of action, indications for the use, side effects.
8. Parathyroid hormones’ drugs (Parathyreoidinum): indications for usage, side effects.
9. Pancreatic hormones’ drugs. Mechanisms of action, indications for usage, side effects. Classification of insulin drugs upon the duration of action: short acting insulin - Insulinum (Actrapidum), Monodar, Humulin P; intermediate acing drugs: suspension Insulin-semilente; long acting – suspension insulin-ultralente, Suinsulin-long
10. Synthetic antidiabetic drugs: derivatives of sulfonurea (Glibenclamidum), biguanides (Metforminum), additional antidiabetic drugs (Acarbosa). Mechanism of action, indications for the use, side effects.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Corticotropinum. 2. Oxytocinum 3. L-Thyroxinum 4. Mercazolilum 5. Parathyreoidinum 6. Actrapid 7. Glibenclamidum. 8. Acarbosa.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 292-307.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.105-110.
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 23. Endocrine drugs. Glucocoricoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadal hormones’ drugs. Anabolic steroids.
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of hormones and hormonopreparations of suprarenal, gonadal glands and anabolic steroids.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (Hydrocortisoni acetas, Prednisolonum (Metacortalon), Methylprednisolonum (Medrol, Methypred), Dexamethasonum (Daxin, Dexason, Dexona), Triamcinolonum (Berlicort, Ftorocort), Flumethasone (Lorinden, Locacorten), Beclomethasone (Beconase, Becotide): pharmacological effects, indications for use, side effects, their prevention
2. Pharmacology of mineralocorticoids (Desoxycorticosteroni acetas). Clinical use.
3. Estrogens’ (Aethyniloestradiolum (Microfolin forte), Synoestrolum (Hexestrole), Oestronum (Folliculinum), antiestrogenic (Tamoxifenum) drugs: pharmacological effects and indications for use.
4. Progestins’ drugs (Progesteronum (Lutein, Geston), Oxyprogesteroni caproas, Turinal: pharmacological effects and indications for use. Antagonism of estrogens and progestins
5. Androgens (Testosteroni propionas), antiandrogens (Flutamidum). Pharmacological effects and indications for use.
6. Anabolic steroids (Retabolilum (Nandrolone decanoate), Phenobolinum (Durabolin), Methandrostenolonum (Nerobol, Dianabol): pharmacological effects and indications for use. Side effects.
7. Peroral contraceptives (Logest, Postinor). Main drugs, their indications and contraindications for use, side effects.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Hydrocortisoni acetas in susp. 2. Prednisolonum in tab., amp 3. Dexamethasonum in tab., amp. 4. Beclomethasone in aer. 5. Desoxycorticosteroni acetas. 6. Aethyniloestradiolum. 7. Synoestrolum 8. Progesteronum. 9. Logest. 10. Postinor. 11. Testosteroni propionas. 12. Retabolilum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 307-320.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.111-112.
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 24-25 Final study
MODULE 2
“PHARMACOLOGY OF DRUS INFLUENCE OF THE EFFECTOR ORGANS. chemotherapeutical drugs”
Theme 26. VITAMIN ACTIVITY
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of vitamins.
Questions for self-preparation.
1. Role of the vitamins in the tissue metabolism.
2. Classification of the vitamins. Types of vitamin therapy.
3. Water-soluble vitamins and their agents: Thiaminum, Cocarboxilasae, Riboflavinum, Nicotinic acid, Pyridoxinum, Calcii pantothenas, Folic acid, Cyancobolaminum, Ascorbinic acid, Ascorutinum, Quercetinum. Indications and contraindications for use, side effects.
4. Fat-soluble vitamins and their agents: Retinoli acetas, Ergocalciferolum, Tocoferoli acetas, Vicasolum.
5. Pharmacodynamics, indications and contraindications for use, side effects. Hypervitaminosis as the complications of rational vitamin therapy.
6. Combine vitamins: Ascorutinum, Aevitum, Quadevitum, Decamevitum, Pregnavitum, Multitabs. Plants with high contents of vitamins: Oleum Rosae, Oleum Hippopheae. Indications for use.
7. Hypervitaminosis A and D: clinical picture and treatment
Write out the prescriptions.
1.Thiamini chloridum 2.Riboflavinum in eye drops 3.Acidum nicotinicum in tab. and amp. 4. Acidum ascorbinicum in tab and amp. 5. Rutinum 6.Calcii pantothenas 7.”Ascorutinum” 8.Ergocalciferolum 9.Tocopheroli acetas. 10.Multitabs. 11. Decamevitum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 279-289.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.99-102
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 27. dRUGS AFFECTING BLOOD COAGULATION
Aim: to memorize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics effects of drugs affecting blood coagulation, their clinical usage and complications.
Questions for self-preparation.
I. Pharmacology of drugs used for the arrest of hemorrhages (hemostatics):
1. Agents which increase the blood coagulation:
a) direct action – Fibrinogenum, Thrombinum, Calcii chloridum.
b) indirect action - Vicasolum
2. Agents which decrease the activity of the fibrinolytic system (fibrinolysis inhibitors)– Acidi aminocapronicum, Ambenum, Contrycalum.
3. Stimulants of platelet aggregation and adhesion – Calcium preparations, Serotoninum, Adroxonu, Etamzylatum.
4. Coagulants of plant nature (Infusum folium Urticae).
5. Drugs decrease the permeability of vessels (Ascorutinum, Etamzylatum).
1. Heparin antagonists (Protamini sulfas)
II. Pharmacology of drugs used for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis:
1. Agents which decrease the blood coagulation (anticoagulants):
a) direct action – Heparinum, Fraxiparinum (Nadroparin), Sodii ciratum.
b) indirect action – Warfarinum, Phenylinum (Phenindione), Syncumarinum.
2. Agents which increase the activity of the fibrinolytic system (fibrinolytics):
a) direct action – Fibrinolisinum, Heparinum.
b) indirect action – Streptokinasum (Awelysin, Kabikinase), Alteplasa. (Alteplase)
3. Agents which reduce the thrombocyte aggregation (antiaggregants): Acidum Acetilsalycilicum, Clopidogrel (Plavix), Dipyridamolum (Curantil)
Mechanism of action, Peculiarities of action, indications for use, side effects.
Write out the prescriptions.
1. Calcium chloridum 2. Acidum aminocapronicum 3. Vicasolum in tab., amp. 4. Syncumarum 5. Phenylinum 6. Etamsylatum in tab., amp. 7. Dipiridamolum in tab., amp. 8. Heparinum in ointment and bottle. 9. Fraxyparinum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 200-205
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.96-98
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 28. Drugs which influence upon the hemopoiesis
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs acting on hemopoesis.
Questions for self-preparation.
1. Classifications of drugs influence the erythro- and leucopoiesis
2. Pharmacology of drugs which stimulate the erythropoiesis:
2.1.Drugs used for the treatment of hypochromic (iron-deficiency) anemias
a) drugs for the peroral introduction:
– mono-drugs which contain iron: Ferrous sulfate, Ferrous lactate;
– combined drugs (iron with copper, ascorbic and folic acid) — Sorbifer, Ferroplex, Ascofer
b) drugs for the parenteral introduction — Ferrum-Lek, Fercoven
2.2.Drugs used for the treatment of hyperchromic anemias
– for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia — Cyanocobalamin, Folic acid
– for the treatment of macrocytic anemia — Folic acid
2.3.Drugs used for the treatment of anemias in chronic renal failure recombinant human erythropoietins (rHuEpo): Epoetin alfa, Epoetin beta, Epoetin omega
Mechanism of action, indications for use, side effects.
3. Drugs which inhibit the erythropoietic — Natrium phosphate with radioactive 32P
Mechanism of action, indications for use, side effects.
4. Drugs which stimulate the leukopoiesis:
- myeloid growth factors —Molgramostim, Filgrastim
- non-specific agents which stimulate the nucleic acid synthesis — Leucogenum, Pentoxylum, Methyluracilum, Natrium nucleinate
Mechanism of action, indications for use, side effects.
5. Drugs which inhibit the leukopoiesis:
1. glucocorticoid hormones — Prednisolone, etc.
2. cancer chemotherapeutic drugs:
– alkylating agents (Cyclophosphamidum, Myelosanum)
– antimetabolites (Methotrexatum, Mercaptopurinum)
– miscellaneous drugs (Asparaginase, Vincristinum)
Mechanism of action, indications for use, side effects.
Write out the prescriptions.
1. Ferrum Lec 2. Fercovenum 3. Ferroplex 4. Acidi folici 5. Natrii nucleinas 6. Methyluracilum in tab., oint. 7. Pentoxylum 8. Cyanocobalaminum. 9. Molgramostim 10. Coamidum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P. 197-200.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.93-95
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 29. Cardiac glycosides and other cardiotonic drugs
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of glycoside and non-glycoside cardiotonic drugs.
Questions for self-preparation
I. Pharmacology of cardiac glycosides. Plants which contain cardiac glycosides, individual glycosides isolated from plants.
1. Mechanism of systolic and diastolic action of cardiac glycosides
2. Pharmacodynamics of cardiac glycosides. Cardial and extracardial effects of these drugs.
3. Comparative characteristics of various cardiac glycosides (Strophantinum, Corglyconum, Digoxinum, Digitoxinum, Adonisidum, Cardiovalenum). Applications for use of cardiac glycosides, side effects, contraindications for use.
4. Intoxication by cardiac glycosides, its treatment and prophylaxis.
II. Non-glycosides cardiotonics: Dobutaminum, Dophaminum, Amrinonum, Milrinonum. Their pharmacodynamics, applications for use and side effects.
III. Pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification according to the mechanism of action.
1. Pharmacodynamics of antiarrhythmic drugs of the Ist class (membranostabilisers) subclass IA: Novocainamidum; subclass IB: Lidocainum, subclass IC: Ethacizinum. Indications for their use.
2. General characteristics of antiarrhythmic drugs of IInd class – β-adrenoblockers (Anaprilinum, Metoprololum). Indications for their use.
3. General characteristics of antiarrhythmic drugs of IIIrd class which prolong the duration of the action potential (Amiodaronum (Cordaronum). Indications for their use.
4. General characteristics of antiarrythmic drugs of the IVth class - Calcium channel blockers (Verapamilum). Indications for their use.
5. Other antiarrhythmic drugs for treatment of tachyarrhythmia: Potassium drugs (KCl, Pananginum, Asparcam); cardiac glycosides, plant drugs (Extr. Crataegi fluidum). Indications for their use.
6. Medicines used for treatment of bradycardias and blockades of the heart (Atropini sulfas, adrenomimetics).
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Strophantinum. 2. Corglyconum. 3. Digoxinum in tab. and amp. 4. Adonisidum 5. Digitoxinum 6. Cardiovalenum. 7. Dobutaminum. 8.Novocainamidum in tab. and amp. 9.Lidocainum 10.Anaprilinum in tab. and amp. 11.Amiodaronum in tab. and amp. 12.Verapamilum in tab. and amp. 13.Pananginum in tab. and amp. 14. Extr. Crataegi fluidum.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.134-141.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.72-74
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 30. Antihypertensive and hypertensive drugs
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of antihypertensive and hypertensive agents, their clinical usage and complications.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of the antihypertensive drugs.
2. Pharmacological characteristics of the neurotropic antihypertensive drugs with central type of action (Clophelinum, Methyldopa, neuroleptics, tranquilizers, sedative, hypnotic drugs).
3. Characteristics of the neurotropic antihypertensive drugs with peripheral type of action: ganglion blockers (Pentaminum, Benzohexonium), sympatholytics (Reserpine, Raunatinum, Octadine), α-adrenoblockers (Prazosin, Doxazosin), β-adrenoblockers (Anaprilinum, Atenolol, Metoprolol), α-β-adrenoblockers (Labetalol, Carvedilol).
4. The antihypertensive drugs which act upon the vascular wall (myotropic vasodilators (Apressinum, Dibazolum, No-spa, Papaverinum, Magnesium sulfate), potassium channel activators (Minoxidil), calcium channel blockers (Nifedipinum, Amlodipinum).
5. The antihypertensive drugs which act upon the rennin-angiotensin-system: angiotensine-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril), angiotensine receptors blockators (Losartan).
6. The antihypertensive drugs which act upon the water-mineral exchange (Dichlothiazidum, Furosemidum, Triamterenum, Spironolactonum).
7. The main principles of combination of hypotensive drugs. Combine hypotensive drugs (Papasolum, Adelfan, Liprasidum, Enap H)
8. Classification and mechanisms of action of the hypertensive drugs (Dophaminum, Angiotensinamide, analeptics, adrenomimetics, adaptogenes)
9. Drugs used for arrest of hypertensive crisis (Natrii nitroprussidum, Magnisii sulfas) and acute arterial hypotension (analeptics, adrenomimetics)
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Clophelinum in tab. and amp. 2. Methyldopa. 3. Pentaminum. 4. Raunatinum. 5. Anaprilinum in tab. and amp. 6. Atenololum. 7. Prasosinum. 8. No-spa in tab. and amp. 9. Dibasolum in tab. and amp. 10. Nifedipinum. 11. Magnesii sulfas. 12. Captopril. 13. Furosemidum in tab. and amp. 14. Dichlothiazidum. 15. Dopaminum.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.157 -170.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.82-85
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 31. ANTIANGINAL AGENTS. Antiatherosclerotic drugs. Angio- and actoprotectors
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of antianginal agents, antiatherosclerotic drugs and angio- and actoprotectors.their clinical usage and complications
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of antianginal agents based on the principle of the oxygen insufficiency relief in angina pectoris.
2. Pharmacological characteristics of the drugs which decrease the myocardium oxygen demands and improve its blood supply
3. Organic nitrates – (Nitroglycerinum, Sustac), Long-term nitrates Nitrosorbidum, Isosorbide mononitrate, Erynit
4. Ca++ channel blockers (Nifedipinum, Amlodipinum).
5. Other drugs (Amiodaronum, Molsidominum)
a. Drugs which decrease the myocardium oxygen demands pharmacodynamics of β-adrenergic blockers – Anaprilinum, Metoprololum. Their peculiarities, adverse reactions and precautions.
b. Drugs which increase the oxygen delivery to the heart
6. Coronaro-active agents with myotropic type of action (Dipyridamolum),
7. Drugs with reflex action (Validolum), their peculiarities, adverse reactions and precautions.
8. Drugs increasing the adaptation abilities of the myocardium to hypoxy:
i. energooverneubum drugs – Trimetasidinum, Mildronatum, ATP-long
ii. antihypoxants, antioxidants – Emoxipinum,
iii. anabolic agents – steroid (Retabolilum, Nerobolum), nonsteroid (Riboxinum, Kalii orotas). Their pharmacological characteristics.
9. Classifications of antianginal drugs accoding to the clinical usage:
10. Drugs for the treatment of angina: Validolum, Nitroglycerinum. Other drugs.
11. Drugs for prevention of angina: nitrates, β-adrenergic blockers, vasodilatations
i. The main principles of myocardium infarction therapy.
12. Classification and principles of action of antiatherosclerotic agents.
13. Pharmacodynamic and comparative characteristic of drugs inhibit absorbtion of cholesterine in intestine: Cholestyramine, Polisponinum
14. Pharmacodynamic and comparative characteristic of hypolipidemic agents which prevent formation of cholesterole (Lovastatin, Simvastatinum, Fluvastatinum, Probucolum)
15. Pharmacodynamic and comparative characteristic of hypolipidemic agents which increase the catabolism and elimination from the organism of cholesterole (Essentiale, Lipostabilum)
16. Pharmacodynamic and comparative characteristic of hypolipidemic agents which decrease the amount of triglycerides in organism (fibrates) - Clofibratum, Fenofibraum, Gemfibrozilum
17. Pharmacodynamic and comparative characteristic of antioxidants with direct action (Tocoferoli acetas (vit. E), Acidum ascorbinicum (vit С) and indirect action (Methioninum, acidum glutaminicum).
18. Pharmacodynamic and comparative characteristic of angioprotectors (Parmidinum (Anginin, Prodectin), Etamzylatum sodium, Quercetinum) or endothelium-tropic agents: mechanism of action, therapeutic uses
19. Pharmacology of actoprotectors. Bemithylum, its peculiarities of actiom and clinical use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. 1. Nitroglicerinum. 2. Sustac-forte. 3. Isosorbide mononitrate. 4. Validolum. 5. Anaprilinum in tab. and amp. 6. No-spa in tab. and amp. 7. Amiodarone in tab. and amp. 8. Nifedipinum. 9. Dipyridamolum. 10. Trimethazidinum. 11. Mildronatum in tab., amp. 12. Riboxinum in tab. and amp. 13. Lovastatine. 14. Simvastatine. 15. Phenofibrate. 16. Acidum nicotinicum (Niacin) 17. Cholestyramine. 18. Probucolum. 19. Acidum lipoicum. 20. Tocopheroli acetas. 21. Асidum asсorbinicum in tab., amp. 22. Bemithylum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.151-156.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.77-81
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 32. Diuretics, Drugs for treatment gout
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of diuretic drugs, and agents used in gout, their clinical usage and complications.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of diuretic drugs based on the principle of the mechanism of action and potency of action.
2. Pharmacodynamics of diuretics which exert direct influence upon the function of renal tubule epithelium Furosemidum (Lasix), Ethacrynic acid (Uregit), Hydrochlorothiazidum (Hypothiazide), Diacarb (Acetazolamide).
3. Perculiarities of pharmacodynamics of other diuretics: K+-sparing drugs Spironolactonum (Verospironum, Aldactonum), osmotic diuretics (Mannitum, Urea), affecting glomerulus’s filtration (Euphyllinum, cardiac glycosides), plants with diuretic activity (folium Uvae-Ursi, folium Ortosiphonum, herba Equiseti arvensi). Forced diuresis.
3. Applications for use of diuretic drugs. Combined use of different drugs.
4. Side effects which arise in the use of diuretic agents, their prevention and treatment.
5. Classification and principles of action of antigouty drugs
6. Characteristics of uricosuric agents (the ones which increase the elimination of uric acid from the organism) (Aethmmidum, Magurlit, Probenecid, Urodanum)
7. Characteristic of antigouty drugs which inhibit synthesis uric acid in the organism (Allopurinolum)
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Furosemidum in tab. and in amp. 2. Hypothiazidum. 3. Diacarbum. 4. Mannitum. 5. Verospironum. 6. Euphyllinum in tab., amp. 7. Pentoxyphyllinum (Trental) 8. Allopurinolum. 9. Aethamidum. 10. Magurlit.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.174-183.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.89 -90
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 33. Drugs which influence on the myometrium.
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of uterine stimulants and relaxants.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of drugs influence upon myometrium.
2. Pharmacological characteristics of drugs increase myometrium rhythmical contractile activity (uteritonics).
3. drugs used for stimulations of labour (Oxytocinum (Pitupartin), Pituitrinum, prostaglandines (Dinoprost (Еnzaprost-F, Prostin F2α) Dinoprostonum (Enzaprost E, Prostin E2), calcium drugs (Calcium chloridum). Mechanism of action, application for use, contraindication, side effects.
4. drugs used for arrest atonic uterine bleedings – etgot alkaloids (Methylergometrinum , Ergometrini maleas, Ergotalum)
5. drugs used for arrest uterine bleedings in gynecology – Cotarnini chloridum, drugs from plant origin
3. Drugs decreasing uterine tone (tokolitics)
6. β2-adrenomimetics - Fenoterolum, Gynipral (Hexoprenaline,) Partusisten
7. general anestetics – Natrii oxybutyras
8. miscellaneous drugs - Progesteronum, Tocoferoli acetas, Magnesii sulfas
4. Drugs decreasing cervix tone (Atropini sulfas, Papaverini hydrocloridum, No-spa (Drotaverinum). Classification of them, mechanism of action, application for use, contraindication, side effects
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Oxytocinum 2. Dinoprost 3.Dinoprostonum 4. Methylergometrinum in amp. 5. Ergometrini maleas in amp. 6. Partusisten in tab. 7. Atropini sulfas in amp. 8. No-spa in tab., amp 9. Magnii sulfas. 10. Calcii chloridum in amp..
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.184-187.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.91-92.
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 34. DRUGS ACTING ON THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS FUNCTION
Aim: to memories the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of agents influencing on the function of respiratory track: respiratory stimulators, cough remedies expectorant, broncholitics, their clinical usage and complications, management of lung edema.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Clinical classification drugs acting on respiratory organs function.
2. Respiratory stimulators. Comparative characteristic analeptics and N-cholinergic receptor stimulants, mechanism of their action.
3. Pharmacology of antitussive drugs
a) Nonnarcotic antitussives:
1. centrally acting (Glaucini hydrochloridum, Tusuprex);
2. peripherally acting (Libexinum, Falimint);
b) Narcotic antitussives (Codeinum, Codeini phosphas); (Codeinum, mechanism of action and usage.
4. Classification, pharmacodynamic, mechanism of action and usage of expectorants
a) Secretomotoric
- Reflectory acting (herbae Thermopsidis, Radix Althaea, Mucaltinum)
- Resorptive acting (Natrii hydrocarbonas, Kalii and Natrii iodidum)
b) Mucolytic (Trypsinum, Acetylcysteinum, Bromhexinum, Ambroxolum)
Mechanisms of action. Indications and contraindications for usage.
5. Agent used for treatment and prophylaxis of bronchospasm
a) Adrenergic agonists:
(β2) - Salbutamolum, Fenoterolum,
(β1+ β2)- Isoproterenolum, Orciprenalinum;
(α+β) - Adrenalinum, Ephedrinum;
b) Muscarinic blockers - Atropinum, Plathyphyllinum, Ipratropii bromidum
c) Myotropic spasmolytics - Euphyllinum, Theophyllinum, Papaverinum, No-spanum
d) Histaminoblockers (Dimedrolum, Suprastinum, Pipolfenum)
e) Corticosteroids: inhaled - Beclomethasonum, systemic - Prednisolonum;
Mechanisms of action. Indications and contraindications for usage.
6. Pharmacology of drugs used for lung edema management (cardiac glycosides, ganglion blockers, diuretics, adrenomimetics, narcotic analgesics, spiritus, glucocorticoids)
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Acetylcysteinum in tab., amp. 2. Bromhexinum. 3. Ambroxolum in tab., sirup., amp. 4. Codeini phosphatis 5. Tusuprex. 6. Libexinum. 7. Ipratropii bromidum in aer. 8. Salbutamolum in aer. 9. Euphyllinum in tab., amp.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.126-133.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.64 -67
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 35. Drugs, affectinf functions of the gastrointestinal tract (part1)
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drug which influence upon the secretory function of the gastro-intestinal tract.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of the drugs, which influence upon the appetite and the secretion of digestive glands
2. Mechanism of stimulative activity of bitters on appetite and bowel secretion. Usage of bitters. Agents that can inhibit appetite (anorexogenic drugs) – Xenicalum. Mechanism of action, use, side effects, contraindication
3. Drugs which increase the secretion of gastric glands: Tinctura Absinthii, Pentagastrinum, Succus gastricus naturalis, Pepsinum, Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum. Drugs of substitutive therapy.
4. The mechanisms of action of drugs which decrease the secretion of gastric glands: M-cholinoblockers (Atropini sulfas, Pirenzepinum), H2-histamine receptor antagonists (Ranitidinum (Zantac), Famotidinum (Quamatel)), proton pump inhibitors (Omeprazolum (Omez, Losec)), Antacids – systemic and local (Natrii hydrocarbonas, Almagelum, Maalox). Applications for use
5. Classification of drugs which stimulate the formation of bile and of the ones which promote the bile discharge (choleretic drugs – Allocholum, Cholenzymum; cholekinetic drugs - Magnesii sulfas; cholespasmolytic drugs - Atropini sulfas, Nospanum, Magnesii sulfas; drugs from plant origin - flores Helichrysi arenarii, Styli cum Stigmatis Zea Maydis. Their comparative characteristic, applications for use.
6. Pharmacology of hepatoprotectors (Essentiale forte, Siliborum) and cholelytolytic drugs – (Chenofalk, Ursofalk). Their comparative characteristic, applications for use.
7. Drugs used in disorders of the excretory function of the pancreas: drugs for substitutive therapy (Pancreatinum Panzinormum), antienzymatic drugs Contrycalum (Trasilol). Clinical use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Acidum hydrochloricum dilutum. 2. Xenicalum. 3. Almagelum. 4. Pirenzepinum in tab. and amp. 4. Ranitidinum. 5. Omeprasolum 6. Maalox 7. Contricalum. 8. Pancreatinum. 9. Magnesii sulfas for internal use. 10. Allocholum 11. Essentiale.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.191-196.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.67 -70
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 36. Drugs affectinf functions of the gastrointestinal tract (part2)
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs, which influence upon the gastrointestinal tract motility.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Localization and action mechanisms of the drugs which stimulate (M- Pharmacological characteristics of drugs affecting gastric motility: prokinetic drugs (Metoclopramidum, Motilium). Indications for use.
2. The mechanism of action of emetic (Apomorphini hydrochloridum, Solutio Ammonii causticum) and antiemetic (Metoclopramidum (Cerucal, Reglan); Motilium, SHT3 receptor agonists – Zofranum) drugs. Applications for their use.
3. Classification of laxative preparations upon mechanism of their action, use, contraindications. Comparative characteristic of saline laxatives (Magnesii sulfas), oils (Oleum Ricini) drugs of plant origin (Senadexinum, drugs of Rheum) synthetic laxatives (Bisacodylum (Dulcolax), Guttalax).
3. Pharmacological characteristics of drugs decreasing gastro-intestinal motility. Atropini sulfas, Nospanum (Drotaverinum), Spazmalgonum, Baralginum.
4. Antidiarrheal drugs – covering, adsorbimg, astringents, synthetic opioids (Loperamidum (Imodium), antimicrobial drugs.
5. Pharmacology of microbial drugs (Hylac, Linex, Lactobacterinum, Colibacterinum). Indications for their use.
6. Drugs promoting regeneration of mucous membrane (Oleum Hyppopheae). Indications for their use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Metoclopramidum in tab., amp. 2. Hylac. 3. Apomorphini hydrochloridum 4. Senadexinum 5. Imodium. 6. Bisacodylum. 7. Oleum Ricini. 8. Magnesii sulfas
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.188-191.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.70-71
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
“PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIVIRAL, ANTIPARASITAS DRUGS. ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS”
Theme 37. Antiseptics and desinfectats
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of antiseptic and disinfectant drugs
Questions for self-preparation
5. Conception of antiseptics and disinfectants, their principal difference from chemotherapeutical antimicrobial drugs, classification
6. Main mechanisms of action of antiseptics and disinfectants.
7. Characteristics of agents which belong to Aromatic group (phenol group): Phenolum (Acidum carbolicum), Resorcinum, Ichthyolum).
8. Chlorine (Chloraminum В, Chlorhexidini bigluconas) and iodine (Sol. Iodi spirituosa, Solutio Lugoli, Ioddicerinum, Iodinuolum) drugs, their use in medical practice.
9. Characteristics of oxidizers (Solutio Hydrogenii peroxydi diluta, Kalii permanganas).
10. Agents which belong to alephatic group (alcohols and aldehydes): Spiritus aethylicus, Formaldehydum
11. Properties of antiseptics from the group of acids (Acidum boricum, Acidum salicylicum)and alkalises (Solutio Ammonii caustici).
12. Characteristics of antimicrobial activity and use of stains (Viride nitens, Aethacridini lactate (Rivanolum), Methyleni coeruleum).
13. Mechanism of antimicrobial action of heavy metal salts (Zinci sulfas, Argenti nitras, Protargolum, Hydrargyri oxydum flavum), their use. Symptoms of poisoning and measures of urgent help.
14. Derivates of nitrofuran and detergents, their properties and use (Chlorhexidini bigluconas, Aethonium, Decamethoxinum, Myramistinum, Furacilinum), their properties and use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Viride nitens. 2. Aethacridini lactate 3. Hexamethylentetraminum in amp. 4. Chlorhexidinum 5. Sol. Iodi spirituosa. 6. Solutio Lugoli 7. Chloraminum 8. Solutio Hydrogenii peroxydi diluta 9. Kalii permanganas 10. Zinci sulfas 11. Argenti nitras 12. Protargolum. 13. Hydrargyri oxydum flavum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.206-211.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.118-119
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 38. MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY. SULFONAMIDES. NITROFURANes, OXICHINOLINEs, FLUOROCHINOLONE DERIVATES.
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of sulfonamides and other chemotherapeutical drugs
Questions for self-preparation
1. Main principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Classification of the antimicrobial drugs.
2. Sulfonamides (Aethazolum, Urosulfanum, Sulfacyl-Na (Albucid), Phthalazolum, Sulfalenum, Cotrimoxazole (Bactrim, Biseptol)): mechanism, spectrum, type of action, classification upon the duration of action and clinical usage. Side effects of sulfonamides and their prophylactic.
3. Nitrofuran derivates (Furaginum (Furazidinum), Furadoninum (Nitrofurantoin), Furacilinum (Nitrofuran), Furazolidonum (Diafurone), Nifuroxazide: mechanism, spectrum, type of action, classification. Side effects.
4. 8-oxiquinoline derivates (Nitroxoline (5-NOK), Nalidixic acid (Nevigramon), Chlorqulnaldonum: mechanism, spectrum, type of action, classification. Side effects.
5. Fluoroquinolone derivates (Ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay), Ofloxacin (Tarividum), Pefloxacin (Abactal), Lomefloxacin (Maxaqinum): mechanism, spectrum, type of action. Side effects.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Urosulfanum. 2. Aetasolum in tab. and amp. 3. Sulfacil-Na in eye drops. 4. Sulfadimetoxine. 5. Phthalazolum. 6. Sulfalenum. 7. Co-trimoxazolum (Biseptol). 8. Ciprofloxacin. 9. Pefloxacin 10. Furacilinum. 11. Furazolidonum. 12. Furadoninum. 13. Nitroxoline (5-NOK)
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.240-245.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.120-123
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 39. Antibiotics (1)
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of some groups of antibiotics: penicillines, cephalosporines, aminoglycosides, macrolides
Questions for self-preparation
1. Classification of antibiotics by the mechanism and type of anti-microbial action.
2. Biosynthetic penicillines (Benzylpenicillinum-natrium, Benzylpenicillinum-novocainum (Procainum-Benzylpenicillinum), Bicillinum-1 (Extencilline, Retarpen), Bicillinum-3 (Dicillin 3), Bicillinum-5(Dicillin 5): mechanism, spectrum, type of action, characteristics of drugs. Side effects and their prophylactic.
3. Classification of semi-synthetic penicillins (Oxacillinum Amoxiclav -natrium Ampicillinum trihydratum Amoxicillinum (Flemoxin, Gramoxl), their peculiarities and clinical use.
4. General characteristics of cephalosporines (Cefalexin (Ceporex) Cefixim (Сefspan), Cefazolinum (Kefzol), Сefamandolum (Kefazol), Cefotaxim (Claforan), Ceftriaxonum (Longacef, Cefaxon), Cefpirom (Keiten): mechanism, spectrum, type of action, classification. Side effects.
5. Macrolides (Erythromycinum, Claritromycinum (Clacidum) and macrolide-azalides (Azitromycinum (Sumamed): mechanism, spectrum, type of anti-microbial action. Side effects.
6. Aminoglycosides (Neomycini sulfas, Streptomycini sulfas, Gentamycini sulfas (Garamycin): mechanism, spectrum, type of action. Side effects, their prophylaxis, clinical use.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Benzylpenicillinum-natrium. 2. Bicillinum-5. 3. Ampicillinum in tab. and bottles. 4. Oxacillinum in tab. and bottles. 5. Amoxicillinum. 6. Cefalexinum 7. Cefazolinum. 8. Cefotaxim (Claforan). 9. Ceftriaxonum 10. Erythromycinum 11. Azitromycinum (Sumamed) 12. Streptomycini sulfas. 13. Gentamycini sulfas in bottles, eye drops and ointment.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.211-228, 233-235.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.124-127, 129, 131.
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 40. Antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal drugs
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of some groups of antibiotics: tetracyclines, chloramphenicol (levomicetin), lincomicine, main groupsof antifungal and antiviral drugs
Questions for self-preparation
1. Tetracyclines (Tetracyclini hydrochloridum, Doxycyclini hydrochloridum (Vibramycinum), Metacyclini hydrochloridum (Rondomycinum): mechanism, spectrum, type of action, characteristics of drugs. Side effects, clinical use.
2. Properties and use of antibiotics from the group of chloramphenicol (Laevomycetinum (Chloramfenicol)). Side effects.
3. Polymyxines (Polymyxini M sulfas) and lincosamides (Lincomycini hydrochloridum (Lincocin): mechanism, spectrum, type of action, characteristics of drugs. Side effects, clinical use
4. Rifampicines. mechanism, spectrum, type of action, characteristics of drugs. Side effects, clinical use of Pifampicinum.
5. Classification, mechanism and spectrum of action of anti-fungal agents (Nystatinum, Levorinum, Amphotericinum B, Clotrimazolum (Candibene, Kanesten Ketoconazole (Nizoral), Fluconazole (Diflucan), Itraconazolum (Orungal), Griseofulvinum, Terbinafine (Lamizyl).
6. Classification, mechanism of action and clinical use of anti-viral (Interferonum leucocyte humani, Interferonum-alfa 2a, Laferonum, Arbidolum, Remantadinum (Poliremum), Oxolinum, Aciclovirum (Herpevir, Zovirax), Azidothymidine (Zidovudine)) drugs.
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Tetracyclinum in tab. and ointment. 2. Doxicyclini hydrochloride. 3. Levomycetinum (chloramphenicol) in tab., eye drops and rectal suppositories. 4. Lincomycini hydrochloridum in caps. and amp.. 5. Rifampicinum. 6. Nystatinum 7. Amphotericinum B. 8. Clotrimazolum. 9. Ketoconazole. 10. Interferonum leucocyte humani. 11. Arbidolum. 12. Remantadinum. 13. Oxolinum in ointment. 14. Aciclovirum.
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – 228-233, 245-250, 256-264.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P. P.130, 133-134, 136-137.
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 41. Antiprotozoal and antihelmintic agents
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of antihelmintic and antiprotozoal agents
Questions for self-preparation
1. Antimalarial agents (Chingaminum (Hydroxychloroquinum, Delagyl, Chlorochin Chloridinum (Pyrimethamine, Daraprim, Tindurin) Chininum (Chinini hydrochloridum) Primachinum Primaquinum (Primachinum) Chinini hydrochloridum Bigumalum (Proguanili hydrochloridum): action of drugs on different forms of Plazmodium, principles of treatment, public and individual prophylaxis, side effects.
2. Agents for treatment of trichomoniasis (Metronidazolum (Trichopol), Tinidazolum (Tinidazolum, Fasigyn), Furazolidonum, characteristics of the drugs.
3. Antiamebial drugs (Metronidazolum (Trichopol), Doxicyclinum, Furazolidonum, Emetini hydrochloridum): action of drugs on amebas located in the intestinal lumen, it’s wall and extraintestinatelly, side effects.
4. Agents for treatment of toxoplasmosis (Chloridinum, Sulfadimezinum) balantidiasis (Chiniofonum, Tetracyclinum) and leishmaniasis (Solusurminum, Metronidazolum, Amphotericinum B) characteristics of the drug.
5. Classification of antihelmintic drugs. Characteristics of agents used for treatment of intestinal nematodoses (Mebendazolum (Vermox) Levamisolum (Decaris) Pyrantelum (Combantrin, Helmintox), Piperazini adipinas (Аdiprazin, vermitox).
6. Drugs used for treatment of intestinal cestodoses (Phenasalum (Niclozamidum, Jomesan), Stibio-natrii tartars, Extr. Filicis maris spissum).
7. Drugs used for treatment of extraintestinal helmintoses (Prasiquantelum (Biltricid), Chloxylum (Bitriben).
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Chingaminum in tab. and in amp. 2. Chloridinum. 3. Primachinum. 4. Chinini hydrochloridum. 5. Bigumalum. 6. Metronidazolum in tab. and bottles. 7. Tinidazolum. 8. Emetini hydrochloridum in amp. 9. Mebendazolum . 10. Levamisolum. 11. Pyrantelum. 12. Piperazini adipinas. 13. Naphthammonum. 14. Phenasalum 15. Extr. Filicis maris spissum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.265-278.
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.138-142
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 42. AGENTS USED FOR TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS AND Antitumors drugs
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of agents used for treatment of tuberculosis and tumors.
Questions for self-preparation
1. The main principles of antituberculous drugs.
2. Classification of antituberculous drugs upon the efficacy: (1-st group): Isoniasidum, Rifampicinum; drugs with middle efficacy (2-nd group): Etambutolum, Ethionamidum, Streptomycinum, Amicacinum, Pyrasinamidum, Ofloxacinum; the less effective drugs (3-rd group): Sodii paraaminosalicylas (PASK).
3. Classification of antituberculous drugs upon the clinical use: the 1-st line drugs (Isoniasidum, Rifampicinum, Etambutolum, Streptomycinum, Pyrasinamidum) and the 2-nd line drugs (Ethionamidum, Ofloxacinum, PASK, Cycloserinum).
4. Comparative characteristic of different antituberculous drugs: antibiotics, GINA derivates, other drugs. Side effects, their prophylaxis. .
5. The main principles of antineoplastic therapy.
6. Classification, general characteristic, indication for use of different drugs.
7. Pharmacology of alkylating agents (Sarcolysinum, Myelosanum); antimetabolites (Metotrexatum, Mercaptopurinum, Phtoruracilum), antitumoral antibiotics (Doxorubicinum), agents from plant origin (Vinblastinum, Vincristinum), antiestrogenous (Tamoxifenum), antiandrogenous (Flutamidum), glucocorticoids (Prednisolonum).
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Rifampicinum. 2. Izoniazidum in tab. and amp 3. Streptomicini sulfas. 4. Ofloxacinum 5. Natrii paraaminosalicylas 6. Sarcolysinum 7. Myelosanum 8. Methotrexatum 9. Mercaptopurinum 10. Doxorubicinum 11. Vincristinum 12. Tamoxifenum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.354-374
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.144
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 43. Basic principles of drug poisoning pharmacotherapy. Main antidotes
Aim: to memorise the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of agents used for treatment of poisoning.
Questions for self-preparation
1. Principles of treatment of acute drug poisoning
2. Prevention of further absorption of the poison from environment and gastrointestinal tract (emetic drugs, sorbents (Carbo activas, Enterosgelum)
3. Pharmacology of chelators (Tetacini-calcium).
4. Acceleration of poison elimination from internal environment (Magnesii sulfas, Kalii permanganas, Natrii chloridum isotonicum). Forced diuresis (Furosemidum).
5. Specific antidotes and mechanism of their action (Unithiolum, Acetylcysteinum, Deferoxaminum, Naloxonum, Alloximum, Atropini sulfas, Protamini sulfas).
6. Main principles of symptomatic therapy of acute poisonings (glucocorticoids, adrenomimetics, cardiac glycosides, hemostatics, plasma substitutes).
Write out in the prescription form:
1. Alloximum. 2. Atropini sulfas 3.Glucosum. 4. Kalii permanganas 5. Nalorphini hydrochloridum. 6. Unitiolum. 7. Aethimizolum. 8. Enterosgelum . Acetylcysteinum
Literature
1. Checkman I., Gorchacova N., Panasenko N., Bekh P. Pharmacology. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2006. – P.375-382
2. Stephanov O., Kucher V. Pharmacology with General Prescription. – K.: «Авіцена». - 2004. – P.145
3. Voloshchuk N.I. General prescriptions and main production forms of drugs from different pharmacological groups. – Textbook. – Vinnitsa, 2008. – 51 p.
Theme 44-45. Final study
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