ЭКЗАМЕНАЦІЙНІ QUESTION FROM PHYSIOLOGY WITH …



QUESTIONS ON NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR THE 2 COURSE STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL FACULTY

2012-2013

MODULE 1

Physiology of Excitation

1. Scientific problems which were developed by І.P.Pavlov. Specify their significance for development of physiology and medicine.

2. Scientific problems which were developed by І.M. Sechenov.

3. Modern concepts about the structure and functions of cells membranes. Active and passive transport. Channels and pumps.

4. Resting membrane potential, its parameters. Specify ionic processes causing it.

5. Draw resting membrane potential. Specify its parameters and ionic processes causing it.

6. Action potential, its ionic origin and parameters.

7. Draw action potential. Specify main ionic processes which provide its phases. Describe duration and amplitude of action potential of nervous fibers.

8. Phases of excitability, their duration in nervous fibers.

9. Draw synchronously in time (under each other) action potential and phases of excitability.

10. Action of direct current on the excitable tissues. Electrotone. Cathode depression. Accommodation of tissues.

11. Types and regimes of muscular contraction.

12. Mechanism of muscular contraction.

13. Force and work of muscles. Concept about a working capacity. Fatigue and its mechanisms. An active rest theory (after Sechenov).

Physiology of the Nervous System

1. Morpho-functional organization of the nervous system.

2. Reflex. Reflex arc. Concept of the functional system (after Anokhin).

3. Laws and features of the excitation conduction in the nervous fibers. Classification of nervous fibers.

4. Mechanism of excitation transmission in synapses.

5. Draw the chart of excitatory synapse and give explanation of sequence processes, which provide the transmission of excitation.

6. Features of conducting of excitation along a reflex arc (through synapses).

7. Physiological role of the central inhibition (Sechenov, Renshaw).

8. Draw a chart that explains the post-synaptic inhibition, its membrane-ionic mechanisms.

9. Principles of the reflex activity coordination (divergence, convergence, irradiation, generalization, facilitation, occlusion, general eventual way, dominant).

10. Reflexes are: antagonistic, synergic, chain.

11. Role of spinal cord in the control of movements and vegetative functions of organism. Clinically important reflexes (tendon and skin).

12. Hind-brain and its participation in the processes of self-regulation. Centers of hind-brain.

13. Functions of centers of middle brain. Static and stato-kinethic reflexes (R.Маgnus).

14. Role of spinal, hind-brain and midbrain in control of the muscle tone.

15. Physiological role of reticular formation, its descending and ascending parts (G.Меgun, D. Morutsi, І.М.Sechenov).

16. Physiology of cerebellum, its influence on the motor and vegetative functions of organism. Disorders of motive functions at the experimental extirpation of cerebellum and defeat in the man.

17. Participation of hypothalamus in control of vegetative functions and in organization of complex behavior processes.

18. Thalamus. Functional description and features of the thalamic nuclear groups.

19. Role of subcortical ganglions in forming of muscular tone, complex motive acts and vegetative reactions.

20. Limbic system of brain. Emotions and their significance. Classification. Components of emotions.

21. Describe the structurally-functional differences of the vegetative nervous system and the somatic one.

22. Draw the chart of the methasympathetic nervous system. Specify functional features.

23. Comparative description of sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the vegetative nervous system, relative antagonism of their influencing.

24. To give the description of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous fibers influencing on the functions of different organs.

25. Describe the methods of the vegetative nervous system tone determination in the man

Physiology of Endocrine Glands

1. Principles of the functions humoral control (metabolic factors, tissue hormones, real hormones).

2. Моrpho-functional description of the endocrine glands.

3. Methods of the endocrine glands functioning study.

4. Characterize properties and functional importance of hormones.

5. Describe properties and significance of the adeno- and neurohypophysis hormones.

6. Describe the hormones of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Specify their physiological role.

7. Physiology of thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands.

8. Describe the properties and functions of pancreas’s hormones.

9. Describe the male and female sex hormones. Their physiological role.

10. Hormones of placenta and their physiological role.

MODULE 2

Physiology of Blood System

1. List the functions of blood and lymph.

2. Describe properties and functions of erythrocytes.

3. Method of the erythrocytes counting. Write the formula of calculation.

4. Describe the method of leukocytes count.

5. Write a leukocytes formula; describe significance of the leukocytes different forms; Т- and В-lymphocytes.

6. Describe the method of the haemoglobin amount after Sally determination.

7. Describe the forms and connections of haemoglobin.

8. Osmotic pressure of blood plasma. Local mechanisms its regulation. Functional system, which provides constancy of osmotic pressure.

9. Solutions are: iso-, hypo-, and hyperosmotic. Formulate the concept of minimum and maximal osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, specify their normal indexes and method of determination.

10. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The normal value and reasons of physiological declinations.

11. Proteins of blood plasma, their description and functional significance. Оncotic pressure of blood plasma and its role.

12. Blood pH and mechanisms of its constancy maintaining.

13. Define the role of the system, regulating the aggregate state of blood (RASB). Fibrinolysis. Factors which prevent coagulation of blood. Thrombocytes, their role in organism. Coagulation of blood. Formation of the platelet plug. Coagulate hemostasis, its stages.

Describe the stages of blood coagulation and factors, which provide coagulate hemostasis.

14. Describe the principle of blood division into groups by АВО system and method of their determination. Draw schematically the possible variants of agglutination at determination of blood’s groups. The rules of the hemo-transfusion.

15. Describe a rhesus-factor. Describe principle of the blood rhesus-belonging determination. Rhesus factor and pregnancy.

16. The concept of oxygen capacity of blood; specify its value and principle of calculation.

17. Constants of the blood system. The normal amount in the man blood of red corpuscles, leucocytes, platelets, haemoglobin ; value of osmotic pressure, active reaction (рН), ESR, buffer bases, standard and actual bicarbonate.

Respiratory Physiology

1. Моrpho-functional description of the respiratory system.

2. Mechanism of inspiration and expiration.

3. Specify the values of pressure in a pleural cavity in different phases of respiratory cycle.

4. Classification of the respiratory volumes. Vital capacity of lungs.

Volumes contained in VCL and their determination by a spirogram.

1. Residual air; its value.

4. Composition of inspired, expired and alveolar air; importance of their measuring. Dead space.

5. Motive force of gases exchange. Draw table with denotation of partial pressure and tension of gases in air, in a blood and tissues. Exchange of СО2 and oxygen in alveolar air, blood, tissues; count up the cascades of tensions, which participate in the exchange of gases.

6. Oxygen capacity of blood. Tension of oxygen in the arterial and vein blood. Coefficient of oxygen utilization. Method of its calculation and its importance.

7. Connections and the transport of O2 and CO2 by blood. The carbanhidrase importance.

8. Medullary-pons respiratory centre and its morpho-functional organization.

Automatism of the respiratory neurons. Reflexes, control the respiration. Role of the lungs’s mechanoreceptors in control of respiration (Hering-Breyer reflexes).

9. Role of СО2, О2 tensions and the other humoral factors in control of respiration.

Physiology of the Heart and Circulation of Blood

1. Morpho-functional description of the circulation of blood system.

2. Heart, its haemodynamic function. Changes of pressure and volume of blood in the heart’s cavities in different phases of cardiac cycle.

3. Phase analysis of cardiac cycle. The cardiac valves functioning. Specify a sequence and duration of cardiac cycle periods and phases.

4. Tones of the heart, their origins. Methods of investigation.

5. Draw ЕCG, explain the mechanisms of its components origin. The ECG parameters.

6. Methods of ЕCG registration.

7. Analysis of ЕCG.

8. Physiological properties of cardiac muscle unlike a skeletal one.

9. Automatism of a heart. Modern pictures of structure, origin and gradient of heart's automatism.

10. Correlation of excitation, contraction and excitability of heart in different phases of cardiac cycle. Electro-mechanic coupling.

11.Systolic and minute volumes of heart as indexes of strength and work of the heart, principles of their determination.

12. Hetero- and homeometric self-regulation of cardiac activity. Law of the heart (Starling, Franc), modern additions to it.

13.Description of the influencing sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and their mediators on the cardiac activity.

14. Reflex control of the cardiac activity.

15. Humoral control of cardiac activity.

16. Classic chart of the blood circulation after W. Harway. Modern additions to it.

18. Functional classification of the circulatory system parts after Folkov.

19. The blood pressure values in different parts of the circulatory system.

20. Arterial blood pressure and its components.

21. Factors influence the arterial bloody pressure. Their importance.

22. Methods of the man arterial pressure determination.

23. Arterial pulse, its properties, origin and significance. Methods of its registration. Analysis of a sphygmogram.

24. Capillary blood flow and its features. Draw the chart of forces which provide the transcapillar exchange.

25. Additional factors, promote the blood movement in the veins. Depots of blood.

26. Curve of vein pulse, to describe the origin of its components.

27. Volume and linear velocity of the blood flow. Volume and linear velocities of blood flow in different parts of the circulatory system.

28. Total circulation time, complete and partial; principles of their determination.

29. Cardiovascular center, its localization and structurally-functional organization.

30. Functional role of the vasomotor nerves. Reflex control of the vessels tone.

31. Humoral control of blood circulation. Local control of vessels’ tone.

Physiology of Digestion

1. Morpho-functional description of the digestion system.

2. Functions of the alimentary tract. Types of digestion. Functions of the human digestive system. Principles of alimentary tract control. Role of DES-hormones.

3. Digestion in the cavity of mouth. Composition and physiology role of saliva. Mechanism of saliva secretion.

4. Functions of the stomach. Composition and properties of gastric juice. Role of hydrochloric acid in the process of digestion.

5. Role of the mucus, formed in a stomach. Factors which prevent self-digestion of the stomach walls.

6. Neuro-humoral control of gastric juice secretion.

7. The matters which suppress, excite and indifferent to gastric secretion; hormones of the DES system.

8. Digestion in the duodenum. Exocrine activity of pancreas. Composition and properties of pancreatic juice.

9. Phases of the duodenum juice secretion, their adaptive character to the types of food.

10. Describe basic components of bile. Role of bile in digestion.

11. Control of bile secretion and ejection.

12. Liver as poly-functional organ.

13. Composition and properties of intestinal juice, its role in digestion. Control of the intestinal juice secretion.

14. Membrane hydrolysis of food matters in different parts of small intestine.

15. Functions of the large intestine. Description of processes in the large intestine.

15. Mechanism of absorption Types of contractions of the small intestine. Features of contractions of the large intestine.

16. Absorption. Absorption in a mouth cavity and in different parts of intestinal tract.

17. Motor activity of the stomach, large and small intestine. Control of the alimentary tract motor functions.

Physiology of Matters and Energy Exchange. Heat Exchange.

1. Give the definition of the basal metabolism, what factors influence it. Conditions necessary for determination of basal metabolism.

2. Exchange of energy. Energy exchange in different professional groups. Working allowance.

3. Physiological norms of diet depending on age, character of profession and sex. Isodynamic law and its critical estimation.

4. Principles of the diet composition.

5. Daily necessity in proteins. Give description of the nitrogen balance types; write equation.

6. Principle of direct calorimetry.

7. Principle of determination of basal metabolism after the method of incomplete gas analysis.

8. Determination of respiratory coefficient, its value.

9. Principle of indirect calorimetry.

10. Daily necessity of man in proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

11. Normal maintenance of carbohydrates, proteins in human blood.

12. Heat production. Exchange of matters as source of heat production. Role of organs in heat production.

13. Heat. Types of heat loss from the surface of the body. Role of sweat glands.

14. Mechanisms of thermo-regulation.

15. Functional system, that provides maintaining of the body temperature constancy at high and low temperatures.

Physiology of Excretion

1. Моrphо-functional description of kidneys. Features of blood circulation in kidney, its role.

2. Excretion as one of the functional system components, that provides the organism internal medium constancy.

3. Functions of kidneys.

4. Nephron as structurally-functional unit of kidney.

5. Filtration pressure, its origin, principle of calculation, significance for the primary urine formation.

6. Mechanism of the primary urine formation.

7. Processes of secretion and excretion in tubules of kidneys.

8. Description of the different substances reabsorption in tubules of kidneys.

9. Formation of eventual urine, its composition and properties. Daily norm of urine.

10. Humoral control of kidney’s activity.

MODULE 3

Physiology of the Sensory Systems

1. The cerebral cortex, its neuron organization.

2. Modern pictures of functions localization in the cerebral cortex.

3. Methods of cerebral cortex functions researching.

4. Pavlov's doctrine of the analyzers (sensory systems). Modern scheme of sensory system organization.

5. Receptor part of sensory systems (classification, properties and functions of receptors). Mechanism of excitation.

6. Conducting (specific and nonspecific ways) and cortex (projection and associative fields of cortex) parts of analyzer.

7. Functional description of pain sensory system. Biological significance of pain. Classification. Neurophysiological mechanisms of pain. Antinociceptive system.

8. Description of the visual system. The optical system of the eye. Emmеtropic eye and anomalies of refraction.

9. Reflexes of pupil, their clinical importance.

10. Reflex of the eye accommodation. Its reason and mechanism.

11. The dual theory of retina functioning. Modern theories of the colours perception.

12. Methods of the visual acuity determination, field of vision, colour vision.

13. Acoustic sensory system, physiology significance of its parts. Modern theories of the different frequency sounds perception.

14. Functional description of vestibular sensory system.

Higher Nervous Activity

1. Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. Conditioned reflex as form of animals and human adaptation to the changeable conditions of the external environment.

2. Classification of conditioned reflexes.

3. Conditions and methods of conditioned reflexes formation.

4. Describe the types of the conditioned reflexes inhibitions. Give examples.

5. Memory, its types and mechanisms.

6. Modern theories of sleep mechanisms. Phases of sleep.

7. Pavlov’s theory of the higher nervous activity types, properties of nervous processes, which are basis for types division. Their classification as compared to the temperaments in the man.

8. Pavlov's doctrine of the first and the second signaling systems. Functional asymmetry of cerebral cortex.

Chief of a normal physiology

department prof. V.М .Моroz

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