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Format of case studyFront Page : Case study[Heading in capital bold letters], your name, class and section, board roll no. and name of the schoolAcknowledgement by the studentCertificate School logoThis is to certify that _____________ [your name] of class XII – D [your class and section] has completed this case study under my supervision and this case study may be considered as a part of the practical exam of AISSCE 2015-16 conducted by CBSE.Ms. Suman Doogar[Department of psychology] IndexS.No.ParticularRemarksSignatureIntroduction to Case studyTools and techniques usedObjective of a case studyIdentification of DataFamily HistoryMedical HistoryHabits, interests and talentsInterview with the subjectInterview with Significant OthersMaudsley`s Personality InventorySinha`s Comprehensive Anxiety testSelf Concept QuestionnaireAdjustment Inventory for School StudentsConclusion and suggestionsBibliographyIntroduction of case studyDefine Psychology, mental processes, experiences and behaviour [class XI book]Define Psychological test : Standardisation, objectivity, reliability and its types, validity and norms [Class XI book]Define case studyA case study is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of his/her psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of his/her psycho-social and physical environment. Case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more method. The case that is the?subject?of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame — an?object?— within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates.Case studies are widely used by clinical psychologists, case analyses of the lives of great people can also be highly illuminating for those willing to learn from their life experiences. The case study method often involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing ‘the case history’ of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a school class or a specific social group), i.e. the?idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’.The case study is not itself a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies such as?qualitative techniques?(unstructured interviews, participant observation, diaries), personal notes (e.g. letters, photographs, notes) or official document (e.g. case notes, clinical notes, appraisal reports).The data collected can be analyzed using different theories (e.g. grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis, text interpretation (e.g. thematic coding) etc. All the approaches mentioned here use preconceived categories in the analysis and they are ideographic in their approach, i.e. they focus on the individual case without reference to a comparison group.Case studies are widely used in psychology and amongst the best known were the ones carried out by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.?The main characteristics of the case study1. A descriptive studya. (I.e. the data collected constitute descriptions of psychological processes and events, and of the contexts in which they occurred (qualitative data).b. The main emphasis is always on the construction of verbal descriptions of behaviour or experience but quantitative data may be collected.c. High levels of detail are provided.2. Narrowly focused.a. Typically a case study offers a description of only a single individual, and sometimes about groups.b. Often the case study focuses on a limited aspect of a person, such as their psychopathological symptoms.3. Combines objective and subjective dataa. i.e. the researcher may combine objective and subjective data: All are regarded as valid data for analysis, and as a basis for inferences within the case study.i. The objective description of behaviour and its contextii. Details of the subjective aspect, such as feelings, beliefs, impressions or interpretations. In fact, a case study is uniquely able to offer a means of achieving an in-depth understanding of the behaviour and experience of a single individual.4. Process-oriented.a. The case study method enables the researcher to explore and describe the nature of processes, which occur over time.b. In contrast to the experimental method, which basically provides a stilled ‘snapshot’ of processes, which may be continuing over time like for example the development of language in children over time.Strengths of Case StudiesProvides detailed (rich qualitative) information.Provides insight for further research.Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or unethical) situations.Case studies give psychological researchers the possibility to investigate cases, which could not possibly be engineered in research laboratories. For example, the Money Case Study.Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person's life are related to each other. The method is therefore important for psychologists who adopt a holistic point of view (i.e.?humanistic psychologists).Limitations of Case StudiesCan’t generalize the results to the wider population.Researchers own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias).Difficult to replicate.Time consuming.Because a case study deals with only one person/event/group we can never be sure whether conclusions drawn from this particular case apply elsewhere. The results of the study are not generalizable because we can never know whether the case we have investigated is representative of the wider body of "similar" instancesBecause they are based on the analysis of qualitative (i.e. descriptive) data a lot depends on the interpretation the psychologist places on the information she has acquired. This means that there is a lot of scope for observer bias and it could be that the subjective opinions of the psychologist intrude in the assessment of what the data means.Types of case studyOn the basis of number of individuals:Person/individual: The study of one single individual, generally using several different research methods. Since there is only one individual, it emphasizes analysis in depth. Such individual case study is a time honoured procedure in the field of medicine and medical researchers. Group/Community: The study of a single distinctive set of people, such as a family or small group of friends. Such a case study is a thorough observation and analysis of a group of people who are living together in a particular geographical territory. It tries to deal with various elements of the community life such as economic activity, climatic and natural resources, historical development, social life values, health and education etc.On the basis of purpose:Deviant Case analysis: The researchers starts with difference already found between two people or groups and his/her task is to read backwards, to deduce the condition that might have produced the differences.Isolated Clinical Case Analysis: Related to individual units with respect to some analytical problems, such studies have become popular in psychoanalysis. Methods used in Case studyObservation of behaviour, characteristics and social qualities of the unit by the researcherUse of questionnaires, opinions, inventories, checklists and other psychological testsAnalysis of recorded data from schools, clinics, courts, newspapers and similar sourcesInterviewing the subject`s friends, relatives and significant others.Participant observation:?Involves the researcher actually serving as a participant in events and observing the actions and outcomes.Tools and techniques usedObservation : define, types, advantages and disadvantagesExperimental method : define [also write about variables with independent and dependent variables], advantages and disadvantagesPsychological Testing : define, advantages and disadvantagesSurvey : define, advantages and disadvantagesCase study : define, advantages and disadvantagesCorrelation : define, advantages and disadvantagesS.No.MethodDefineAdvantagesDisadvantagesObservationExperimental methodPsychological TestingSurveyCase studyCorrelationObjective of a case studyThe?case study?is a?research method?involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject of study, as well as its related contextual conditions. It involves assessment of individual`s psychological, physical, social, and emotional dimensions with the help of specific psychological tools and techniques. Identification of Data [Picture of the subject]Biographical data NameAgeDate of birthPlace of birthGenderHeightWeightReligionCasteEducational QualificationInstitute associated withPlace of education Personal History [Paragraph about the subject`s general life, talk about school/college life, what she/he wants to do in future, any particular change in life, attitude about life, schooling, friends etc.]Family HistoryFamily TreeFamily arrangement: Joint family/ nuclear family with its advantages and disadvantages.Family detailsName of the father:Age:Qualification:Occupation:Designation:Name of the mother:Age:Qualification:Occupation:Designation:Interview with the FatherHow are you feeling at this moment?How much time do you spend in interacting with your child?What are the things that you want to improve in your child?What are the things that you like about your child?Does he/she have frequent change in behaviour or mood swings?Does she share her/his problems and opinions with you?What are the changes you have seen in her/his attitude recently?Are you proud of your child?Subject`s relation with his/her father [your observation]Interview with the MotherHow are you feeling at this moment?How much time do you spend in interacting with your child?How is her/his behaviour at home?What are the things that you like about your child?Does he/she have frequent change in behaviour or mood swings?What do you think about your child`s group of friends?What are the changes you have seen in her/his attitude recently?Are you proud of your child?Subject`s relation with his/her mother [your observation]Interview with SiblingHow are you feeling at this moment?How much time do you spend in interacting with your brother/sister?Do you stay in the same room? Are you comfortable with this arrangement? What are the things that you like about your brother/sister?Does he/she have frequent change in behaviour or mood swings?Do you hangout with your brother`s/sister`s friends? What are the changes you have seen in her/his attitude recently?Subject`s relation with his/her sibling [your observation]Medical HistorySubject: Father:Mother:Siblings:Habits, interests and talents [One Page]Interview with the subjectHow are you feeling at this moment?Tell me about yourself.What do your friends say about you?What are your strengths?What are your areas of improvement? What do you like about yourselfDo you share all your problems with your friends?Do you agree upon the beliefs of your family members?What motivates you?Summary of the interview: [your observation and conclusion of the interview]Interview with Significant others: [One friend and one teacher]How are you feeling at this moment?How much time do you spend in interacting with your friend/student/relative?What are his/her areas of improvement?What are the things that you like about him/her?Does he/she have frequent change in behaviour or mood swings?Do you think he/she is an aggressive person?Projective tests Picture Interpretation [For Female subjects][For Male subjects]Sentence Completion TestPsychological Tests conducted on the subject [Front Page Heading]Maudsley`s Personality InventorySinha`s Comprehensive Anxiety testSelf Concept QuestionnaireAdjustment Inventory for School Students Note: Just write the score and result of the test For e.g. [My subject scored a total of 50 in Sinha`s Comprehensive Anxiety test, her scores relates to 99 percentile on the scoring table of the SCAT scoring manual. This indicates an extremely high level of anxiety which leads to development of emotional and even physical consequential issues like feelings of disturbance and lack of attention in situations of stress. The subject is unable to deal with highly stressful situations with a calm attitude and ends up in high anxiety and physically fatigued.]Conclusion and suggestions [atleast two pages]For e.g.I conducted my Case profile on _____________________ [Name] aged _________ years from _______________[School/College Name]. It was a wonderful experience and taught me a great deal in terms of knowing the subject and applying the techniques of assessment learned in psychology class. I conducted the following tests on him/her:Maudsley`s Personality InventorySinha`s Comprehensive Anxiety testSelf Concept QuestionnaireAdjustment Inventory for School StudentsAssessment was done on the basis of behavioral observation, psychometric testing based on self report, interview with the subject and significant others from his/her life and two projective tests.My subject score _____________ in MPI which indicates __________________. [interpretation with test score]My subject score _____________ in SCAT which indicates _________________. [interpretation with test score]My subject score _____________ in AISS which indicates __________________. [interpretation with test score]My subject score _____________ in SCQ which indicates __________________. [interpretation with test score]Also write about the behavioral observation that you have done through interview with the subject and significant others. If there is discrepancy in test scores and your observation, then write it and the reasons. Suggest strategies if the subject has high anxiety or emotionally unstable. BibliographyNCERT Class XII Psychology BookNCERT Class XI Psychology book Test manualsGeneral Psychology by Dr. D.N.Srivastava ................
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