ILSPET Written Test Review Packet
Scientific Method Review Packet
Living Environment
Name___________________
Date: ________________
Line Graph
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HW: Scientific Method Questions ______________
Due: _____________________
Words you should know:
Independent variable, dependent variable, constants, control group, data, graph, hypothesis, research, analysis, conclusion, theory, microscope, slide, cover slip, coarse adjustment, fine adjustment, placebo, inference, sample size.
Scientific Method Review Sheet
Measuring
• Mass: the amount of molecules in an object, measured with a triple beam balance, units are grams
• Volume: the amount of space an object takes up, units are ml or cm3
o Liquid volume measured with a graduated cylinder or beaker
o Volume of a cube = LxWxH
o Irregular Objects = drop them in a beaker of water and measure how much the water level rises (displacement)
• Distance: measured with a ruler, units are cm
Variables
• Independent variable: the condition you change
• Dependent variable: the condition you observe or measure
• Constants: the conditions that have to stay the same
Control Group
• A group that gets no treatment or can be given a placebo or sugar pill
• Used for a comparison
Research
• Done before a lab, must be a true fact, have a valid source, and be relevant to the lab question
Hypothesis
• An educated guess as to the outcome of the lab based on research
• If…. Then….. Because
• Can be proven true or false after data is collected
Procedure
• Step by step instructions on how to complete a lab
• Should be detailed and specific
Data Collection
• Data should be organized into a chart
• Independent variable in the left hand column and dependent variable in the right
Graphing
• Graph must have a title, X vs. Y
• Label each axis (independent on X and dependent on Y)
• Must have consistent scales (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, 10, 15, 20)
• Circle points before connecting
Conclusion
• The results of your experiment or the answer to your question, written in a CEI format
Biotic and Abiotic
• Biotic = living (ex: tree, rose bush, Miss Pera, cat)
• Abiotic = nonliving (ex: water, oxygen, chair, rock)
Characteristics of life
• Living things must meet all 9 in order to be considered living
o Organization
o Composed of cells
o Reproduce
o Growth
o Development
o Respond to surroundings
o Uses Energy
o Adapt:
o Evolve
In order for a conclusion to be valid…
1. The experiment must have a large sample size
2. The experiment must be able to be repeated by other scientists and they must come to the same conclusion
3. All variables should be held constant (other than your independent variable)
Words you may see:
Control group: the group that gets no treatment and is used for a comparison
Placebo: a sugar pill given to half the patients in a drug experiment… scientist will look at the results of the group given the drug and compare them to the placebo group
Theory: a conclusion or best guess based on the facts available, it is generally accepted by the scientific community, theories are always subject to change and improvement
Inference: a conclusion based on research
Safety Procedures:
1. always wear safety goggles when working with acids
2. point test tubes away from faces when theating chemicals
3. tie long hair back in a ponytail when working with chemicals
4. wear rubber gloves when working with dangerous chemicals
5. no running or horse play in the lab
6. do not eat in the lab
Scientific Method Review Questions
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A Control group gets no treatment!
5. A student formulated a hypothesis that cotton will grow larger bolls (pods) if magnesium is added to the soil. The student has two experimental fields of cotton, one with magnesium and one without. Which data should be collected to support the hypothesis?
1. Height of the cotton plants in both fields
2. Diameter of the cotton bolls in both fields
3. Length of the growing season in both fields
4. Color of the cotton bolls in both fields
1. A scientist is planning to carry out an experiment on the effect of heat on the function of a certain enzyme. Which would not be an appropriate first step?
1. Doing research in a library
2. Having discussions with other scientists
3. Completing a data table of expected results
4. Using what is already known about the enzyme
2. An experimental design included references from prior experiments, materials, and equipment, and step-by-step procedures. What else should be included before the experiment can be started?
1. A set of data
2. A conclusion based on data
3. Safety precautions to be used
4. An inference based on results
6. Why do scientists consider any hypothesis valuable?
1. A hypothesis requires no further investigation
2. A hypothesis may lead to further investigation even it is disproved by the experiment
3. A hypothesis requires no further investigation if it is proved by the experiment
4. A hypothesis can be used to explain a conclusion even if it is disproved by the experiment
2. Tomato plants in a garden are not growing well. The gardener hypothesizes that the soil is too acidic. To test this hypothesis accurately, the gardener could
1. Plant seeds of a different kind of plant
2. Move the tomato plant to an area with less sunlight
3. Change the pH of the soil
4. Reduce the amount of water available to the plant
7. Diagrams, tables, and graphs are used by scientists mainly to
1. Design a research plan for an experiment
2. Test a hypothesis
3. Organize data
4. Predict the independent variable
4. The analysis of data gathered during a particular experiment is necessary in order to
1. Formulate a hypothesis for that experiment
2. Develop a research plan for that experiment
3. Design a control for that experiment
4. Draw a valid conclusion for that experiment
8. A student hypothesized that lettuce seeds would not germinate (begin to grow) unless they were covered with soil. The student planted 10 lettuce seeds under a layer of soil and scattered 10 lettuce seeds on top of the soil. The data collected are shown in the table below.
[pic]
To improve the reliability of these results, the student should
1. Conclude that darkness is necessary for lettuce germination
2. Conclude that light is necessary for lettuce seed germination
3. Revise the hypothesis
4. Repeat the experiment using a larger sample size
9. State two safety procedures that should be followed when conducting an experiment that involves heating protein in a test tube containing water, an acid, and a digestive enzyme.
1. ______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Base your answers to questions 10 and 11 on the data table below and on your knowledge of biology. The data table shows the amount of oxygen that will dissolve in freshwater and seawater at different temperatures. The amount of oxygen is expressed in parts per million (ppm).
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10. Write a statement comparing the oxygen-holding ability of freshwater with the oxygen holding ability of seawater in the temperature range shown. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
11. State how the oxygen holding ability of freshwater varies with changes in temperature. (1)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
12. A student designed an investigation to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of seed germination. The student placed moist filter paper in each of four culture dishes. Ten bean seeds were placed on the filter paper in each dish. The four dishes were numbered and placed in the dark at different temperatures as follows: Dish 1: 100C, Dish 2: 150C, Dish 3: 200C, Dish 4: 250C. The total number of germinated seeds in each culture dish was counted each day for two weeks.
Which data table is best for recording the results of this investigation?
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13. In an investigation to determine the change in heart rate with increased activity, a biology teacher asked students to take their pulses immediately before and immediately after exercising for 2 minutes. The data showed an average heart rate of 72 beats per minute before exercising and 90 beats per minute after exercising. If a valid conclusion is to be made from the results of this investigation, which assumption must be made?
1. In most students, the average heart rate is not affected by exercise
2. Exercise causes the heart rate to slow down
3. Each student exercised with the same intensity
4. The heart rate of each student goes up 18 beats after jogging for 2 minutes
14. A student performed a laboratory investigation to determine the effect of temperature on the heart rate of Daphnia (water flea). The following temperatures and heart rates were recorded.
200C – 260 beats/min; 100C – 152 beats/min
250C – 300 beats/min; 50C – 108 beats/min
150C – 200 beats/min
Organize the data by filling in the data table provided. Complete both columns int eh data table so that the temperature either increases or decreases from the top to the bottom of the table. The data table below is provided for your answer.
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15. The data table below contains information on the growth of eight white pine trees, planted in eight different locations after a period of time.
[pic]
Which statement is best supported by the data in the table?
1. White pines grow best at higher elevations
2. White pines are not found at elevations below 1,000 feet
3. White pines have a long life span
4. White pines can grow in acidic soil
16. Two species of fish were subjected to a series of treatments. The number of red blood cells flowing per minute through one capillary in the tail of each fish was counted and the average calculated. The data table below shows the treatments given to each species of fish and the results of the various treatments.
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State two errors in this investigation. (2)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. An investigation was designed to determine the effect of ultraviolet light on mold spore growth. Two groups of mold spores were grown under identical conditions, except one group was exposed only to ultraviolet light, while the other group was grown in total darkness. In this investigation, the group of mold spores grown without receiving any ultraviolet light is known as the
1. Control
2. Hypothesis
5. Dependent variable
6. Limiting factor
18. An experiment was performed to determine the effect of different mineral salts on plant growth. Forty pots containing genetically identical plants were divided into four equal groups and placed in a well-lighted greenhouse. Each pot contained an equal amount of non-mineral potting soil and one plant. Minerals were then added in equal amounts to each experimental group of pots as shown below.
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For the experiment to be valid, what should be added to the control group of pots?
7. Water 3. Potassium salts
8. Nitrogen 4. Potassium and phosphorus salts
Base your answers to questions 19 through 21 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Use one or more complete sentences to answer each question.
When a drug manufacturer develops a new drug to treat some form of disease, the drug should be tested to ensure that it does what it is supposed to do. Usually, the drug is tested on animals and, if these tests are successful, it is then tested on humans.
A drug called Lowervil was developed by a drug company to lower blood pressure. Lowevil has been tested successfully on animals, and the drug company is now ready to test it on humans. The drug company claims that one dose of Lowevil per day will decrease blood pressure in individuals experiencing high blood pressure.
A researcher has been hired to determine whether or not Lowervil lowers blood pressure. Answer the following questions related to the experimental testing of the new drug Lowervil.
19. How should the experimental group and control group be treated differently? (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. Why would it be important to use a large number of people in this experiment? (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. How could the researcher determine if the drug is effective in reducing blood pressure? (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22. In an investigation to determine a factor that affects the growth of rats, a student exposed 100 rats of the same age and species to identical conditions, except for the amount of living space and the amount of food each rat received. Each day the student measured and recorded the weight of each rat. State one major error that the student made in performing this investigation. (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. A television advertisement claims that a certain brand of cough drop reduces coughing for 8 hours. Describe an investigation that could be used to determine if this claim is valid. In your answer include at least a description of:
• State a hypothesis to be tested in the experiment (1)
• The treatment to be given to the experimental group (1)
• The treatment to be given to the control group (1)
• The data to be collected (1)
• When the data should be collected (1)
• One observation that would lead to the conclusion that the claim is valid (1)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. In Texas, researchers gave cholesterol-reducing drug to 2,335 people and an inactive substitute (placebo) to 2,081. Most of the volunteers were men who had normal cholesterol levels and no history of heart disease. After five years, 97 people getting the placebo had suffered heart attacks compared to only 57 people who had received the actual drug. The researchers are recommending that to help prevent heart attacks, all people (even those without high cholesterol) take these cholesterol reducing drugs. In addition to the information above, what is another piece of information that the researchers must have before support for the recommendation can be justified?
1. Were the eating habits of the two groups similar
2. How does a heart attack affect cholesterol levels
3. Did the heart attack result in death?
4. What chemical is in the placebo?
24. Which statement describes the best procedure to determine if a vaccine for a disease in a certain bird species is effective?
1. Vaccinate 100 birds and expose all 100 to the disease
2. Vaccinate 100 birds and expose only 50 of them to the disease
3. Vaccinate 50 birds, do not vaccinate 50 other birds, and expose all 100 to the disease
4. Vaccinate 50 birds, do not vaccinate 50 other birds, and expose only the vaccinated birds to the disease.
Base your answers to questions 26 through 27 on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology.
It has been hypothesized that a chemical known as BW prevents colds. To test this hypothesis, 20,000 volunteers were divided into four groups. Each volunteer took a white pill every morning for one year. The contents of the pill taken by the members of each group are shown in the chart below.
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26. Which statement is a valid inference based on the results?
1. Sugar reduced the number of colds
2. Sugar increased the number of colds
3. BW is always effective in the prevention of colds
4. BW may not be effective in the prevention of colds
27. Which group served as the control in this investigation?
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
32. Scientific studies indicated that there is a higher percentage of allergies in babies fed formula containing cow’s milk than in breast-fed babies. Which statement represents a valid inference made from these studies?
1. Milk from cows causes allergies reactions in all infants
2. Breast feeding prevents all allergies from occurring
3. There is no relationship between drinking cow’s milk and having allergies
4. Breast milk most likely contains fewer substances that trigger allergies
28. A biologist in a laboratory reports a new discovery based on experimental results. If the experimental results are valid, biologists in other laboratories should be able to
1. Repeat the same experiment with a different variable and obtain the same results
2. Perform the same experiment and obtain different results
3. Repeat the same experiment and obtain the same results
4. Perform the same experiment under different experimental conditions and obtains the same results
33. A biologist reported success in breeding a tiger with a lion, producing healthy offspring. Other biologists will accept this report as fact only if
1. Research shows that other animals can be crossbred
2. The offspring are given a scientific name
3. The biologist included a control in the experiment
4. Other researchers can replicate the experiment
29. The current knowledge concerning cells is the result of the investigations and observations of many scientists. The work of these scientists forms a well-accepted body of knowledge about cells. This body of knowledge is an example of a
1. Hypothesis
2. Controlled experiment
3. Theory
4. Research plan
34. Identify a piece of laboratory equipment that normally would be used to accurately measure 5 milliliters of glucose solution for an experiment. (1)
________________________________
30. A student observes that an organism is green. A valid conclusion that can be drawn form this observation is that
1. The organism must be a plant
2. The organism can not be single celled
3. The organism must be an animal
4. Not enough information is given to determine whether the organism is a plant or an animal
35. Which structure is best observed using a compound light microscope?
1. A cell
2. A virus
3. A DNA sequence
4. The inner surface of a mitochondrion
31. A cover slip should be used for preparing
1. Frog for dissection
2. Solution of iodine for food testing
3. Wet mount of elodea (a simple plant)
4. Test to determine the pH of a solution
40. Describe one error that was made in the preparation of the graph shown below. (1)
[pic]
______________________________________________________________________
36. To locate a specimen on a prepared slide with a compound microscope, a student should begin with the low power objective rather than the high power objective because the
1. Field of vision is smaller under low power than under high power
2. Field of vision is larger under low power than under high power
3. Specimen does not need to be stained for observation under high power
4. Portion of the specimen that can be observed under low power is less than the portion that can be observed under high power
41. What is the dependent variable in the experiment summarized in the graph below? (1)
[pic]
______________________________________
37. A slide of human blood cells was observed in focus under the low power objective of a compound light microscope that had clean lenses. When the microscope was switched to high power, the image was dark and fuzzy. Which parts of the microscope should be used to correct this situation?
1. Nosepiece and coarse adjustment
2. Diaphragm and ocular
3. Objective and fine adjustment
4. Diaphragm and fine adjustment
38. After switching from the high power to the low power objective lens of a compound light microscope, the area of the low power field will appear
1. Larger and brighter
2. Smaller and brighter
3. Larger and darker
4. Smaller and darker
42. The diagram below shows a portion of a graduated cylinder
[pic]
What is the volume of the liquid in this cylinder?
5. 22 mL 3. 25 mL
6. 24 mL 4. 26 mL
39. To separate leaf pigments, a biologists should use
1. Chromatography
2. Dissection
7. An electronic balance
8. A dichotomous key
43. In an investigation, students determined the average rate of movement of gill covers of a species of freshwater fish at different temperatures. The results are shown in the data table below.
[pic]
Which labeled axis should be used to graph the relationship between the two variables?
[pic]
Base your answers to questions 45 and 46 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
In an investigation, plants of the same species and the same initial height were exposed to a constant number of hours of light each day. The number of hours per day was different for each plant, but all other environmental factors were the same. At the conclusion of the investigation, the final height of each plant was measure. The following data were recorded:
8 hours, 25 cm; 4 hours, 12 cm; 2 hours, 5 cm; 14 hours, 35 cm;
12 hours, 35 cm; 10 hours, 34 cm; 6 hours, 18 cm
44. Organize the data by completing both columns in the data table provided, so that the hours of daily light exposure increase from the top to the bottom of the table. (1)
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45. State one possible reason that the plant exposed to 2 hours of light per day was the shortest. (1)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Base your answers to questions 46 and 47 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph illustrates a single species of bacteria grown at various pH levels.
[pic]
46. The most likely reason there are no colonies in cultures of this species at pH 4 and at pH 10 is that
1. These bacteria could successfully compete with other species of bacteria at these pH values
2. There are more predators feeding on these bacteria at pH 4 and pH 10 than at other pH levels
3. At pH 4 and pH 10 the environment is too acidic or too basic for the bacteria to grow
4. Fertilization cannot occur in these bacteria at pH 4 or pH 10
47. Which statement is supported by data from this graph?
1. All species of bacteria can grow well at pH 7
2. This type of bacterium would grow well at pH 7.5
3. This type of bacterium would grow well at pH 2
4. Other types of bacteria can grow well at pH 4
Base your answers to questions 48 through 52 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
An insect known as a sawfly is found in evergreen forests in North America. Sawfly cocoons are the main source of food for shrews (small mammals) and some bird species. Scientists studied 1-acre plots in various parts of a state to determine the average number of sawfly cocoons, shrews, and robins. The data collected are shown in the table below.
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Directions: Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid provided below, following directions below. You may use pen or pencil for your answer.
48. Make an appropriate scale on each axis (1)
49. Plot the data for shrews. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points. (1)
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50. Plot the data for robins. Surround each point with a small triangle and connect the points. (1)
[pic]
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51. What is the average number of shrews per acre when the average number of sawfly cocoons is 500,000? (1)
____________________
52. State what would most likely happen to the number of sawfly cocoons per acre if the shrews and robins were removed from the area. (1)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Base your answers to questions 53 through 55 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A science class was studying various human physical characteristics in an investigation for a report on human genetics. As part of the investigation the students measured the arm span of the class members. The data table below summarizes the class results.
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Directions: Using the information in the data table, construct a bar graph on the grid provided below, following directions below.
53. Make an appropriate scale on the axis labeled “Number of Students” (1)
54. Construct vertical bars to represent the data. Shade in each bar. (1)
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55. What should be down to provide additional support for the generalization that human arm span is a characteristic that falls within a range of lengths, with most lengths falling in the middle ranges? (1)
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