Mrs. Ward World History - Home



The Counter-Reformation (The Catholic Reformation)

I. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

A. NEW DENOMINATIONS: During the Protestant Reformation, religious reformers called “______________________” broke from the Catholic Church and started ______ ________________ ______________________________(different versions of Christianity)

1. ___________ ____________ began the Reformation by posting the “95 Theses”

2. King ___________ ______of England, not the Pope, became the head of his own Church of England

3. Germany and England were not the only places the Reformation ______________

a. Inspired by Martin Luther, other religious leaders attempted to reform Christianity and ended up _____________ new denominations

b. In the 1500s, these new protestant faiths spread in areas away from the power of the Catholic Church (especially ____________ _______________)

B. JOHN CALVIN: Out of the numerous reformers, one of the most influential was ________ ______________

1. Calvin led a reform movement in France and ________________________

2. He agreed with Luther that people are _____________by nature and only _______ ____________________can save them

a. Calvin believed in ______-_____________________: God already knows who will be ______________ (the saved ones are called “the elect”) and who will not

b. His new version of Christianity would be called ____________________

C. Even though the Catholic Church lost much of its power and influence because of these new denominations, it still remained the ____________ ________________in Europe

1. ________ ___________________ (especially in Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy) _____________with the Catholic Church

2. Some Catholics responded to the reformers with __________________

a. During the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 1572, Calvin’s followers were attacked by _______________ ________

II. THE COUNTER-REFORMATION (OR CATHOLIC REFORMATION)

A. An official movement began WITHIN the Catholic Church to help Catholics ______________ ______________

1. This movement, which would be called the _____________-______________________(or the Catholic Reformation), was in _________________ to men like Luther and Calvin converting people away from Catholicism

B. THE JESUITS: The most important Catholic reformer was a Spanish man named _____________ ____ ________________

1. With the Pope’s approval, Ignatius formed a religious order called the ____________ ____ ____________ in 1540

2. Members of the Society of Jesus were called _________________and focused on THREE GOALS:

a. First, Jesuits tried to _________the spread of Protestantism

b. Secondly, the Jesuits ___________ _______________to better educate Catholic priests

c. Third, Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to ______________ ______-_________________to Catholicism; when Europeans began ________________lands they had never been to before, Jesuit _________________________were among the explorers

C. COUNCIL OF TRENT: In 1545, Pope Paul III created a _____________________of Catholic leaders to review __________ ___________________ known as the Council of Trent

1. Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made a series of ________________to the Catholic Church

a. Admitting that there was too much corruption, the Catholic Church stopped selling _________ _____________________

b. The creation of new schools by the Jesuits to better __________________Catholic priests was approved

c. The Council of Trent also ___________________(made perfectly clear) several core Catholic ______________and ___________________

i. First, the Church’s interpretation of the Bible is ___________and all others who interpret the Bible, such as Martin Luther, are ___________________(non-believers who go against the Catholic Church)

ii. Salvation is gained through faith in God and performing _________ __________, not just faith alone (like Luther said)

iii. All seven Holy _____________________are legitimate ways to gain God’s _____________

2. The Catholic Church banned and _______________ all “____________________” ___________, including Protestant versions of the Bible

3. To enforce their beliefs, the Church used the ____________________ to accuse and hold trials for heretics

a. The penalties for heresy were severe; often the penalties were all manners of horrible ________________ and ____________________

b. The Inquisition is one of the ___________________parts of history

III. IMPACT OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

A. Several different Protestant faiths came about, leaving Europe religiously ___________________…

B. …but what remained of the Catholic Church became more _________________ due to the Council of Trent

C. However, the overall influence of the popes declined, so __________ gained more _______________and formed stronger nations

D. The encouraging of education led to people _______________________ long-held beliefs

E. This questioning would lead to new ideas as well as numerous ____________

IV. WHAT CAUSED THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION?

A. SOCIAL CAUSES: the Renaissance values of ____________________led to the questioning of religion

B. POLITICAL CAUSES: powerful monarchs (kings) _______________________the Church’s authority

C. ECONOMIC CAUSES: princes and kings were _________________of the Catholic Church’s _________________

D. RELIGIOUS CAUSES: ___________________in the Church’s practices (such as selling of indulgences) led to calls for reform

The Counter Reformation Problem Solving Activity

Background Information: After 1517 when Martin Luther posted his famous 95 Theses, new Protestant religions—Lutherans, Anglicans, Calvinists—were popping up all over in Germany, Switzerland, England, Scotland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands. While these Protestants won many followers, millions of Catholics held fast to their traditional religious beliefs and the Roman Catholic Church remained the largest and strongest religious group in Western Europe. Nonetheless, many Catholic leaders were concerned as they witnessed the Catholic Church begin to lose some of its power and influence over the people of Western Europe. In 1545, Catholic bishops and cardinals met in the northern Italian town of Trent to discuss how they would respond to these changes.

1. What was the biggest problem that Catholic leaders had to solve at the Council of Trent?

2. Complete the following assignments IN ORDER.

(A) Brainstorm as many possible solutions to this problem in the “Possible Alternative” category.

(B) After you have listed 5 possible alternatives to solving the problem, list 1 positive consequence and 1 negative consequence for each alternative

(C) After you have listed 5 possible alternatives and come up with consequences, rank order your alternatives (1 is the best thing you would do)

|Possible Alternative |What would be a GOOD result if this decision |What would be a BAD result if this decision were|Rank Order |

| |were made? |made? | |

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3. Based on your options, what would you decided to do to fix the Church’s problems if you were a Catholic leader at the Council of Trent? Why?

| |Lutheranism |Calvinism |Anglicanism |

|Origins of the religion| | | |

|Beliefs about sin & | | | |

|salvation | | | |

|Beliefs about the | | | |

|ultimate source of | | | |

|religious authority | | | |

|Rituals & worship | | | |

|Community life | | | |

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