3rd 9 Weeks Summative Study Guide - Weebly



3rd 9 Weeks Summative Study Guide(Stnd 8ESS3.1) Tectonics & Resource Distribution WS1.?Tectonic processes effect the formation and locations of various natural resources. such as fossil fuels, minerals, and groundwater.?(Multi-Select Question)Explain the connection between tectonic processes and groundwater, minerals, and fossil fuels.(Select 3 of the 5 choices.) a. Heat and pressure at plate boundaries can result in mineral deposits. b. Humans can deplete and empty aquifers via excessive water use from wells. c. Extreme temperatures and immense pressure underground can convert decayed organic matter into fossil fuels. d. Basins formed by tectonic forces collect water which can form aquifers. e. Don’t Select2.?Groundwater is an important resource to sustain life. Nearly half of American households rely on wells connected to aquifers to supply their houses with water for drinking, and farmers use billions of gallons of water every day to irrigate crops and water livestock.Multi-Select QuestionWhat factors determine how much ground water is held within aquifers in a geographical area?(Select 3 of 5 choices). Proximity to Volcanoes and other sources of geologic heat (heat rises from the core) Don’t Select Amount of Precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc.) Sub-Surface Geology (type of rock layers, porosity, and permeability) Surface Geology (Elevation, Topography/Terrain)??3.?By studying rock formations and fossils, scientists can determine local and global climatic conditions of regions from millions of years ago. For example, the chart below shows the estimated annual rainfall for six different regions on the Eurasian continent 300 million years ago.Crosscutting Concept:?Cause and EffectScience and Engineering Practice:?Analyzing and Interpreting DataWhich of these six regions had the greatest potential for forming coal, and why is it unlikely that this region would have the same annual rainfall today?a.The taiga region combined with the tundra region were the areas most likely to form coal deposits due to tectonic forces. Furthermore, due to the water cycle and the rock cycle, these areas are most likely still forming great amounts of coal today.b.The rainforest region had the most precipitation and the greatest amount of plant life. Therefore, it would have more organic material that could eventually become coal. Due to tectonic plate movement, this area today is probably no longer a rainforest.c.The deciduous forest region had the highest precipitation volume and the most diverse ecosystems. So, it would have more organic material that could potentially be converted into coal over time. However, in modern times this area today probably does not receive the same amount of rainfall due to tectonic plate movement,?4. Coal, which comes mainly from decayed terrestrial plants, is the most abundant fossil fuel in the ground. Coal forms when large amounts of organic matter pile up and decay under anaerobic conditions. Over time as these deposits are subjected to pressure from overlying rock formations and/or bodies of water, they undergo changes resulting in the solid fossil fuel that we call coal.Major U.S. Coal DepositsBy looking over the map above, what can you infer about the climatic conditions millions of years ago in the states along the Pacific Coast (California, Oregon, and Washington) contrasted with the climatic conditions of the coal-rich interior states including Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania?a.Large oil?and mineral deposits have been discovered in these interior states. However, no oil or minerals have ever been found in the Pacific Coast states.b.Pacific Coast states received higher amounts of precipitation and sunlight which resulted in the formation of coal deposits. These interior states had less rainfall.c.These interior states received high levels of precipitation and had diverse and vibrant forest ecosystems. Pacific Coast states received less rain had less plant life.?5. Tectonic processes contribute to the formation and uneven distribution of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Based upon our understanding of how fossil fuels form, we can determine the climatic conditions that were present in an area millions of years ago.Distribution of Global Oil Reserves(2017 By Region)400 million years ago, which region had the most favorable climatic and tectonic conditions for forming oil, and which region has the least favorable conditions for petroleum formation.a.Middle East had the most favorable conditions. Asia-Pacific had the least favorableb.North America had the most favorable conditions. Africa had the least favorablec.Best conditions: Middle East, Worst conditions: Central and South America(Stnd 8LS4.1) -Fossil Record?6.?0119380Examine structure and function in these fossils, and think about the environments they lived in.Based upon your analysis of this fossil record, determine which 2 answers below are best supported by this diagram.a.This diagram shows how igneous rock was changed into metamorphic rock. It also shows how erosion due to weathering eventually formed basalt rock with fossils in it.b.This record reveals changing environments with two aquatic and two terrestrial layers.c.Don’t select this letterd.This illustration shows that this area had four different environments over time and organisms adapted to and lived in each of these four environments.?7. Examine the fossils shown below. These were found in Oklahoma and were determined to be from the Mesozoic Era and the following Cenozoic Era.?Based on this fossil record, what conclusions can you draw about this region?paring the structure of the Mesozoic Era fossils with the structure of the Cenozoic Era fossils reveals that these marine organisms evolved to become land organisms.b.Based on this fossil record, we can conclude that marine organisms were driven to extinction by terrestrial invaders which took over the aquatic environment.c.Don’t select this letter.d.Marine fossils show that an ocean once covered this area, and terrestrial fossils show that uplifting occurred which resulted in the return of land animals.8.Geologic Column(Sedimentary Rock)Index FossilTrilobiteAt layer F there is an index fossil called a trilobite which thrived in the Cambrian period.Which choice best explains why no trilobite fossils are in any strata above layer F?a.This fossil record does include additional trilobites with structural adaptations.b.An asteroid impact caused the trilobites to migrate to a different region.c.Don’t select this letter.d.The environment changed resulting in the extinction of the trilobites.9. Three sedimentary layers were exposed in a rock quarry. The sandstone layer at the bottom contained fossils of three different types of dinosaurs. The layer above it contained mainly volcanic ash. The top layer of shale contained fossils of only one type of dinosaur.Which of the following interpretations of this fossil record is the most logical?a.A volcanic eruption caused the extinction of two dinosaur species. Only smaller variants of the third species survived but this variant prospered in the post-volcano environment.b.Excessive predation by carnivores caused the population of herbivores to crash which resulted in extinction of two species of dinosaurs.c.Don’t select this letter.d.This sedimentary rock displays tectonic uplift which formed a shallow ocean resulting in the extinction of two out of three dinosaur species.paring the skeletons of which of the following fish would best reveal any structural changes in the species over time?a.The same fish just after it hatched and when it was full grown.b.Two living fish, male and female, that could produce viable offspring.c.A fish that lived recently and a similar fish that lived thousands of years ago.d.Don’t select this letter.(Stnd 8LS4.2) -Common Ancestry 11. What did Darwin infer from his observations of extant organisms in South America and the Galápagos Islands?a.The organisms on the Galápagos Islands were virtually identical to mainland organisms.b.A small number of different plant and animal species had come to the Galápagos Islands from the mainland.c.The organisms on the Galápagos Islands were completely unrelated to mainland organisms.12.Which plant is most similar to?the hibiscus and which plant is least similar to the hibiscus?a.Most similar: Pine treeLeast Similar: Mossb.Most similar: FlowersLeast Similar: Fernsc.Most similar: MossLeast Similar: Fern13.Using this diagram to identify which bird can fly but does not perch on trees or roost.a.emub.cranec.vulture14. Darwin concluded that extant species on the Galápagos Islands...?a.had adapted their behavior to a cold arctic environment.b.had remained the same with no variations in phenotypes.c.had changed their anatomical structure over time.15. What did Darwin observe about finches in the Galápagos Islands?a.They had identical genotypes in all locations.b.Their beaks were adaptations related to the foods the finches ate.c.They had identical phenotypes in all locations.(Stnd 8LS4.3 and 8LS4.4)-Nat Selection and Phenotype Variations16. The habitat of a moth species included trees with both light and dark colored bark.Therefore the moth species included both light and dark colored variants.Then the light-colored trees were wiped out by a disease, and within a few years nearly all the moths in this forest were dark colored?Which of the following choices BEST explains what happened?a.The light moths changed their wing pigments to darker colors to avoid being eaten.b.The few light moths that survived did not mate, and therefore they had no offspring.c.The dark moths were less visible to predators, so mostly light moths were eaten.17. Variation happens as a result of the exchange of genetic information as it is passed from parent to offspring.Which of the following is true about inherited variation?a.Variation can influence whether organisms are more likely to survive to reproduce.b.Variation can influence the amount of rainfall in an ecosystemc.Variation can influence the amount of available food in an ecosystem 18. A population of birds only ate seeds from two different types of trees. About half of the birds had smaller beaks for eating small seeds, and the other half had larger beaks for eating big seeds.Smaller BeakLarger BeakA drought occurred over several years, and it killed off all of the trees with the small seeds. At the end of this dry period, nearly all the birds had larger beaks.?How is this best explained?a.A new predator arrived in this ecosystem, and it only ate small beaked birds.??b.Larger beaked birds were better at eating the large seeds from the trees that survived.?c.The small-beaked birds grew larger beaks so they could eat big seeds.19. How does natural selection enable species to change their body shape, appearance, and/or size over time?a.Individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce.b.Overproduction provides food for stronger members of the species.c.Environmental changes kill weaker members of the species.?20.?The graph below shows a population of insects between the years of 1960- 2000.25723853810From 1980 and 1990 the insects were sprayed with an insecticide that caused the population to decrease. From 1990 to 2000 the insects were sprayed with the same insecticide, but the population increased.What most likely caused the population to increase?a.The insects were affected by the insecticide causing the population to increase.b.Due to genetic variation, the insect population adapted to the insecticide.c.The concentration of insecticide was too great, and therefore biodiversity was reduced.?21. Which term refers to the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce?a.natural selectionb.overproductionc.variation22. In a population of spiders there are three different sizes: small, medium, and large.---The large spiders are easily seen by predators.---Small spiders have a difficult time finding food.Small VariantMedium VariantLarge VariantWhat will?most likely?happen to this population of spiders after many generations?a.Large spiders will learn to hide from predatorsb.Small and large spiders will mutatec.Medium spiders will be the most plentiful23. Individual spiders in a population of tarantulas have a variety of defensive traits. One trait that most of the spiders have is the ability to flick hairs into the eyes of predators allowing the spiders to escape from being eaten. Yet a small percentage of the spider population does not have these hairs.TarantulaWhy are the tarantulas that have these hairs more likely to produce offspring than the hairless tarantulas?a.The egg sacs of tarantulas that have the hairs are larger and produce more offspring.b.Hairy tarantulas are less likely to be eaten, so they are more likely to survive to mate.c.Tarantulas that have the hairs will blend in with their environment.24. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?a.The ancestors of whales eventually lost their legs as they adapted to living in water.b.An organism is introduced into a new habitat. It successfully outcompetes some of the native species, driving them out of the habitat.c.A population loses its most important food source and is forced to relocate to an area where there is a more adequate supply of food.25. A population of grass originally had equal amounts of three different genotypes. Over five generations, the percent of each genotype in the population changed.One Species of GrassGrass GenotypeOriginal Percentof PopulationPercent of Populationafter 5 GenerationsGG33.3%75.0%gg33.3%20.0%Gg33.3%5.0%Which statement describes the?most?likely reason for this change?a.Genotype Gg was the best adapted to this environment and produced the most seeds.b.Genotype GG was best adapted to this environment, and it therefore flourished.c.Genotype gg produced the greatest number of seeds and was the best adapted.(Stnd 8LS4.5) -Artificial Selection 26. A student is studying the advantages of selective breeding in plants. She made the following list of possible advantages:1) possibly produce corn that attracts grasshoppers2) possibly develop grass that can grow with less water3) possibly develop wheat that can grow in different types of soil4) possibly produce oranges that are not affected by freezing temperaturesWhich items on the list provide logical arguments in favor of selective breeding?a.2, 3, and 4b.1. 2, and 3c.3 and 427. A farmer wants to grow a crop that is resistant to disease while producing more fruit per plant.Which plants should the farmer select to cross to get the desired combination of traits?a.1 and 3b.3 and 4c.1 and 228. Examine the following Venn diagram.Which of the following statements would go in the center of this Venn diagram where the two circles overlap?a.Finches from the Galapagos islands displayed different beak variations.b.phenotypes remain identical from generation to generationc.structural changes occur over many generations29. Which statement explains how a population’s genetic variability and diversity can be affected by selective breeding?a.Genetic variability decreases & diversity increases because only few individuals are bred.b.Genetic variability and diversity decrease because only select individuals are bred.c.Genetic variability increases & diversity decreases because only few individuals are bred.30. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a.Inbreeding can produce an offspring that has a defect that neither parent shows.b.A hybrid plant has all the characteristics of both its parents.c.Inbreeding and hybridization are opposite processes.(Stnd 8ESS2.1) -Geology and Extinction31. Which of the following is?NOT?an example of a phenomenon that would cause a rapid change in the environment leading to an extinction event?a.Asteroid et Impactc.Continental Drift32. Examine this graph showing five mass extinction events. Also, examine this chart of mass extinction causes.Interpret Data/Cause and Effect: What one key factor most likely resulted in the mass extinction event at the end of the Permian period, and approximately when did this occur?a.Massive global volcanic eruptions that occurred about 200 million years ago.b.Environmental changes due to volcanic activity about 230 million years ago.c.Climate change due to industrial air pollution from about 65 million years ago.d.Ocean chemistry changes that occurred about 500 million years ago.33. Examine the geologic timeline graph below.Two-Part QuestionPart One: Identify a time period of gradual population change.Part Two: Identify a point of rapid population change (mass extinction)a.Part One: Gradual chance occurred 500 to 559 million year ago. Part Two: Rapid change-about 440 million years ago.b.Part One: Gradual chance occurred 325 to 275 million year ago. Part Two: Rapid change-about 230 million years ago.c.Part One: Gradual chance occurred 600 to 400 million year ago. Part Two: Rapid change-about 430 million years ago.d.Part One: Gradual chance occurred 240 to 150 million year ago. Part Two: Rapid change-about 70 million years ago.34. A canyon wall is shown. The rocks that make up the wall are layered.From the evidence in the picture, which statement is most correct about what the fossil record looks like in this location? a.The types of fossils would be similar but would show gradual structural changes. b.The types of fossils would stay exactly the same in every layer.c.The number of fossils would rise and then immediately disappear. d.The number of fossils would decrease as the layers accumulate. 35. The graph shows the changes in the number of animal faunas living on Earth over time and how the faunas were affected by different extinction events.44451905Which statement is correct about the changes in faunas during one of these five major events? a.The event at the end of the Cretaceous resulted in an increase in the number of Paleozoic faunas. b.The event at the end of the Devonian (Dev.) resulted in an increase in the number of Cambrian faunas. c.The event at the end of the Cretaceous resulted in the extinction of more faunas than in any other period.d.The event at the end of the Triassic (Tri.) resulted in the extinction of fewer faunas than in any other period. (Stnd 8ESS2.3) -Rock Classifications36. Reflect upon your knowledge about the processes that form igneous rock, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock as you examine the following diagram.?4771390825500Three-Part QuestionPart 1:?Where is igneous rock most likely to form?Part 2:?Where is metamorphic rock most likely to form?Part 3:?Where is sedimentary rock most likely to form?a.Location 1:?igneous,?Location 4:?metamorphic,?Location 3:?sedimentaryb.Location 4:?igneous,?Location 1:?metamorphic,?Location 3:?sedimentaryc.Location 3:?igneous,?Location 1:?metamorphic,?Location 2:?sedimentary37. Some processes in the rock cycle are described in the chart below.Example 01:?Solid rock underground remains unchanged for millions of years. Then convection currents from deep in the Earth form a huge magma chamber which melts this rock. Some of this magma erupts at the surface as lava and cools back into solid rock.Example 02:?Limestone rock near a tectonic plate boundary is slowly heated and pressurized over millions of years changing this rock into marble.Example 03:?A river flows into the ocean and drops particles of sediment as the flow of water decreases. Over long periods of time, this forms layers of sedimentary rock on the seafloor.Which classification of rock is being described in example 01 above, and how does this represent stability and change?a.Example 01 is describing the formation of igneous rock. The melted rock erupting at the surface represents stability. The rock remaining the same in the ground for millions of years represents change.b.Example 01 is describing igneous rock formation. The rock remains the same (stability) for a long period of time. Then heat from the magma chamber melts the rock which is a phase change (change of state).c.Sedimentary rock formation is being described in example 03. Weathering and erosion must occur for long periods of time to keep the river continuously flowing with sediment (stability). Then as the sediment piles up into layers it becomes compacted forming sedimentary rock (change).?38. Diagram 01 below displays an igneous rock buried in soil.Diagram 02 below shows the same rock many years later exposed at ground level.Diagram 01Diagram 02Your teacher asks you to explain how the rock became exposed at the surface and what is likely to happen to the exposed rock.a.You explain that igneous rock is formed when heat in the Earth melts solid rock. You also mention that when this rock cools it will again become solid.b.You describe how heat and pressure can and does change rocks. In this instance you explain how the pressure from below pushed the rock up to the surface.c.You state that weathering from rain and wind has eroded soil to expose this rock. You also mention that this same kind of weathering will in time break off small pieces of this igneous rock which will likewise be transported away as sediment.39. Examine the rock cycle diagram shown below. The arrows represent processes that transform one type of rock into another.Multi-Select QuestionWhich of the following processes would be included with arrow number 4?(Select 3 of these 5 answer choices)a.transportation and depositionb.erosion and weatheringc.cause and effect/stability and paction and lithification (cementation)e.heat and pressure40. A student was examining various rock samples, and she picked out the following four rocks. She wrote a description of each rock under its picture, as shown below.Multi-Select QuestionWhich of these samples are sedimentary rock? (select 2 of the 4 choices).a.Sample 04b.Sample 01c.Sample 03d.Sample 02? ................
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