ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II



Hormone Production and Storage: Complete the table with the correct response related to each hormone.HormoneOrgan of ProductionOrgan of StorageStimulus for ReleaseTarget TissueGnRHHypothalamus HypothalamusVaries: can be decreased or increased testosterone (males) or estrogen and progesterone (females)Anterior pituitaryTSHAnterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Thyrotropin releasing hormone, decreased T3 and/or T4 levelsThyroid ADHHypothalamus Posterior pituitaryDecreased blood pressure and/or blood volume, reninKidney tubulesFSHAnterior pituitary Anterior pituitary GnRHOvaries (females), testes (males)OxytocinHypothalamus Posterior pituitaryChildbirth (pressure on cervix), suckling response in breastBreasts, uterusACTHAnterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Low blood pressure, low blood sugar, decreased androgen levelsAdrenal cortexPTHParathyroid glandParathyroid glandLow blood calcium levelsKidneys, small intestine, osseous tissue (osteoclasts)ANPAtria Atria High levels of blood sodium, increased blood pressure Kidney tubulesMatching: Match each function in the left column to the appropriate hormone in the column on the right.__f__1. Causes breastmilk ejection __e__2. Stimulates ovulation__ g __3. Inhibits osteoclast activity__ h__4. Stimulates uptake of blood glucose__ a__5. Promotes sodium retention __ c__6. Regulates appetite suppression based on the amount of adipose tissue__ b__7. Negatively feeds back to inhibit release of thyrotropin releasing hormone__ d__8. Pancreatic hormone that causes breakdown of glycogenAldosterone ThyroxineLeptinGlucagonLuteinizing Hormone Oxytocin CalcitoninInsulinFill-in-the-Blank9. ____Hydrophilic_____________________ hormones use a second messenger system in order to carry out their effects on target tissue. 10. ___ Hydrophilic __________________ hormones are able to travel freely in blood plasma.11. ____Down regulation_________________ occurs when a target cell has been exposed to a hormone for an extended period of time and decreases the number of receptors for that hormone. 12. ____Synergists__________________ is the term that describes two hormones that work together to stimulate a target cell with similar effects. 13. ____Antagonists________________ occurs when two hormones work in opposition on target tissue. 14. ____Permissiveness_________________ happens when one hormone must be present in order for another hormone to carry out its effects on target tissue. 15. ___Negative feedback________________ is the loop that occurs when release of a hormone is inhibited. D. Application16. Ms. Jones has lab results that indicate abnormally low levels of blood calcium. Which gland might be involved? Which hormone is lacking in this condition? Low blood calcium indicates that parathyroid hormone is not being released adequately. PTH increases blood calcium to normal ranges by stimulating osteoclasts to break down osseous tissue, or the small intestine to increase calcium absorption, or reabsorption of calcium from filtrate in the kidney tubules. The parathyroid gland releases PTH and is the gland involved.17. Sally has been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. She displays extreme thirst and frequent urination. She is unable to conserve water due to this condition. Which hormone is to blame? Which gland(s) is/are involved in this condition? Sally has abnormal lack of antidiuretic hormone secretion. This hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. It causes water reabsorption which leads to more diluted urine and increased blood volume. 18. Mr. Smith has an increased heart rate and weight loss. Lab results show that he has high levels of triiodothyronine. Which gland(s) is/are involved? Which hormones are involved? Include the feedback loop pertinent to this case in your response. Triiodothyronine is known as T3 hormone, which is released by the thyroid gland in response to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH is released from this gland in response to TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus. It is likely, in this case, that there is an abnormal amount of secretion of T3 hormone because of hypersecretion of TSH and/or TRH. Normally, TRH causes release of TSH and TSH levels can cause negative feedback to inhibit release of TRH. Also, TSH then stimulates release of T3 (and T4) hormone, which will negatively feedback to inhibit release of both TSH and TRH, so it is possible that all glands discussed are involved. 19. Michael has low levels of testosterone and a low sperm count. Describe the gland(s) involved in this condition. Include the pertinent feedback loops in this case as well. In the male HPG axis, the hypothalamus released GnRH which causes release of FSh and LH from the anterior pituitary, which travel to the target tissue of the testes. FSH causes sustentocytes to release androgen binding protein which causes increased levels of testosterone and promotes formation of sperm. LH stimulates leydig cells which cause release of testosterone. Increased levels of testosterone negatively feeback to inhibit release of GnRH, LH, and FSH. Any of the aforementioned glands could be involved in this condition to cause decrease in either LH and/or FSH which would lead to low sperm count because of inhibited spermatogenesis and low testosterone levels. 20. Jane is a new mother and is experiencing the effects of oxytocin. Describe the effects of this hormone that she experienced both during and after birth. Include feedback loops in your response. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions during labor, which cause the posterior pituitary to release more oxytocin in a positive feedback loop, which causes the fetal head to press against the cervix, leading to more uterine contractions. After birth, the baby may suckle at the mother’s breast, stimulating release of breastmilk, or “let down,” which causes oxytocin release in another positive feedback loop that leads to more breastmilk ejection. ................
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