Books: The Breast Cancer Book of Strength & Courage ...



NAME: MICHELLES ALEXANDERTEACHER: WESTON ALLEYNESCHOOL: TAMCCSUBJECT: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY 100DATE DUE: 4TH DECEMBER 2011TITLE: BREAST CANCER Introduction1What is breast cancer ?2Type of breast cancer3Causes4Stages of breast cancer5At risk factors6Prevention7screening8Signs\ symptoms9Clinical diagnosis10Effects on patients11Conclusion12BIBLIOGRAPHY13Table of contentINTRODUCTIONThis project is design to inform about breast cancer and make young women more aware of breast cancer . In this project you would be given lots of information about how breast cancer is cause, who is at risk , how to prevent and treatment for breast cancer. Breast profile:A?DuctsB?LobulesC?Dilated section of duct to hold milkD?NippleE?FatF?Pectoralis major muscleG?Chest wall/rib cageEnlargementA?Normal duct cellsB?Basement membraneC?Lumen (center of duct)BREAST CANCERWhat is breast cancerThe term “breast cancer” refers to a malignant tumour that has developed from cells in the breast.?Usually breast cancer either begins in the cells of the lobules, which are the milk-producing glands, or the ducts, the passages that drain milk from the lobules to the nipple. Less commonly, breast cancer can begin in the stromal tissues, which include the fatty and fibrous connective tissues of the breast. Tumour: A tumour can be benign (not dangerous to health) or malignant (has the potential to be dangerous). Benign tumours are not considered cancerous: their cells are close to normal in appearance, they grow slowly, and they do not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumours are cancerous. Left unchecked, malignant cells eventually can spread beyond the original tumour to other parts of the body.TYPES OF DISEASE:Ductal carcinoma in situ: The most common type of noninvasive breast cancer is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This type of cancer has not spread and therefore usually has a very high cure rate.Invasive ductal carcinoma: This cancer starts in a duct of the breast and grows into the surrounding tissue. It is the most common form of breast cancer. About 80% of invasive breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinoma.Invasive lobular carcinoma: This breast cancer starts in the glands of the breast that produce milk. Approximately 10% of invasive breast cancers are invasive lobular carcinoma.The remainder of breast cancers are much less common and include the following:Mucinous carcinoma?are formed from mucus-producing cancer cells.Mixed tumors?contain a variety of cell types.Medullary carcinoma?is an infiltrating breast cancer that presents with well-defined boundaries between the cancerous and noncancerous tissue.Inflammatory breast cancer: This cancer makes the skin of the breast appear red and feel warm (giving it the appearance of an infection). These changes are due to the blockage of lymph vessels by cancer cells.Triple-negative breast cancers: This is a subtype of invasive cancer with cells that lack estrogens and progesterone receptors and have no excess of a specific protein (HER2) on their surface. It tends to appear more often in younger women and African-American women.Paget's disease of the nipple: This cancer starts in the ducts of the breast and spreads to the nipple and the area surrounding the nipple. It usually presents with crusting and redness around the nipple.Adenoid cystic carcinoma: These cancers have both glandular and cystic features. They tend not to spread aggressively and have a good prognosis.The following are other uncommon types of breast cancer:Papillary carcinomaPhyllodes tumourAngiosarcomaTubular carcinomaCAUSES OF BREAST CANCERThere are many risk factors that increase the chance of developing breast cancer. Although we know some of these risk factors, we don't know how these factors cause the development of a cancer cell.COURSE OF THE DISEASE:StageDefinitionStage 0Cancer cells remain inside the breast duct, without invasion into normal adjacent breast tissue.Stage ICancer is 2 centimetres or less and is confined to the breast (lymph nodes are clear).Stage IIANo tumour can be found in the breast, but cancer cells are found in the auxiliary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm)?OR?the tumour measures 2 centimetres or smaller and has spread to the auxiliary lymph nodes?OR?the tumour is larger than 2 but no larger than 5 centimetres and has not spread to the auxiliary lymph nodes.Stage IIBThe tumour is larger than 2 but no larger than 5 centimetres and has spread to the auxiliary lymph nodes?OR?the tumour is larger than 5 centimetres but has not spread to the auxiliary lymph nodes.Stage IIIANo tumour is found in the breast. Cancer is found in auxiliary lymph nodes that are sticking together or to other structures, or cancer may be found in lymph nodes near the breastbone?OR?the tumour is any size. Cancer has spread to the auxiliary lymph nodes, which are sticking together or to other structures, or cancer may be found in lymph nodes near the breastbone.Stage IIIBThe tumour may be any size and has spread to the chest wall and/or skin of the breast?AND?may have spread to auxiliary lymph nodes that are clumped together or sticking to other structures, or cancer may have spread to lymph nodes near the breastbone.?Inflammatory breast cancer?is considered at least stage IIIB.Stage IIICThere may either be no sign of cancer in the breast or a tumour may be any size and may have spread to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast?AND?the cancer has spread to lymph nodes either above or below the collarbone?AND?the cancer may have spread to auxiliary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the breastbone.Stage IVThe cancer has spread — or metastasized — to other parts of the body.AT RISK FACTORS:?In each decade of life, the risk of getting breast cancer is actually lower than 12% for most women.People tend to have very different ways of viewing risk. For you, a 1-in-8 lifetime risk may seem like a high likelihood of getting breast cancer. Or you may turn this around and reason that there is a 7-in-8, or 87.5%, chance you will never get breast cancer, even if you live to age 80. How you view risk often depends on your individual situation — for example, whether you or many women you know have had breast cancer, or you have reason to believe you are at higher-than-normal risk for the disease — and your usual way of looking at the world.Age: The chances of breast cancer increase as you get older.Family history: The risk of breast cancer is higher among women who have relatives with the disease. Having a close relative with the disease (sister, mother, daughter) doubles a woman's risk.Personal history: Having been diagnosed with breast cancer in one breast increases the risk of cancer in the other breast or the chance of an additional cancer in the original breast.Women diagnosed with certain benign breast conditions have an increased risk of breast cancer. These include atypical hyperplasia, a condition in which there is abnormal proliferation of breast cells but no cancer has developed.Menstruation: Women who started their menstrual cycle at a younger age (before 12) or went through?menopauselater (after 55) have a slightly increased risk.Breast tissue: Women with dense breast tissue (as documented by?mammogram) have a higher risk of breast cancer.Race: White women have a higher risk of developing breast cancer, but African-American women tend to have more aggressive tumours when they do develop breast cancer.Exposure to previous chest radiation or use of?diethylstilbestrol?increases the risk of breast cancer.Having no children or the first child after age 30 increases the risk of breast cancer.Breastfeeding?for one and a half to two years might slightly lower the risk of breast cancer.Being overweight or?obese?increases the risk of breast cancer.Use of?oral contraceptives?in the last 10 years increases the risk of breast cancer.Using combined hormone therapy after menopause increases the risk of breast cancer.Alcohol use increases the risk of breast cancer, and this seems to be proportional to the amount of alcohol used.PREVENTIONThere is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer. Reviewing the risk factors and modifying the ones that can be altered (increase exercise, keep a good body weight, etc.) can help in decreasing the risk.Following the American Cancer Society's guidelines for early detection can help early detection and treatment.There are some subgroups of women that should consider additional preventive measures:Women with a strong family history of breast cancer should be evaluated by genetic testing. This should be discussed with your health-care provider and be preceded by a meeting with a geneticcounsellorr who can explain what the testing can and cannot tell and then help interpret the results after testing.Chemoprevention is the use of medications to reduce the risk of cancer. The two currently approved drugs for chemoprevention of breast cancer are tamoxifen (a medication that blocks estrogen effects on the breast tissue) and?raloxifene?(Evista), which also blocks the effect of estrogen on breast tissues. Their side effects and whether these medications are right for you need to be discussed with your health-care provider.Aromatase inhibitors are medications that block the production of small amounts of estrogen usually produced in postmenopausal women. They are being used to prevent reoccurrence of breast cancer but are not approved at this time for breast cancer chemoprevention.Preventive surgery: For a small group of patients who have a very high risk of breast cancer, surgery to remove the breasts may be an option. Although this reduces the risk significantly, a small chance of developing cancer remains.Some of the reasons for this approach may includemutated BRCA genes found by genetic testing,a strong family history,a personal history of cancer in one breast.SCREENINGScreening is a process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition. They can then be offered information, further tests and appropriate treatment to reduce their risk and/or any complications arising from the disease or condition. Breast self-examination monthly after age 20. Breast examination by a physician Every three years for women aged 20 to 40; yearly after age 40 Mammography Yearly after age 40.Mammography?is the process of using low-energy-X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human?breast?and is used as a diagnostic and a screening tool.SIGNS \ SYMPTOMSThree-quarters?of?all breast cancer patients seem to have no factors that place them at increased risk for breast cancer, indicating that not all risk factors are understood. As a result, doctors recommend that every woman should have an annual breast examination performed by a health professional, and she should perform a breast self-examination monthly. A woman who finds a lump in her breast should report it to her doctor immediately.However,?a?lump?in?the breast is no sure sign of cancer. Every breast is lumpy to some degree and the lumpiness becomes more pronounced shortly before menstruation as breasts naturally enlarge. Furthermore, several disorders of the breast produce growths that may be mistaken for carcinomas. Such noncancerous growths include cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs, and fibroadenomas, which are thickenings of the breast tissues that produce milk.X-ray?examination?of?the breasts, a technique called mammography, can increase the odds for successful treatment by detecting tumour in an early stage, before they are large enough to be felt. Although studies provide conflicting results about the effectiveness of mammography in reducing breast cancer deaths, the ACS recommends that women over age 40 should have a mammogram every year. A mammogram cannot distinguish a benign tumour from a malignant tumour. The only way to make a positive diagnosis on a suspect lump in the breast is by having a biopsy, a minor surgical procedure in which the lump or part of the lump is removed and examined under a microscope for cancer cells. If?cancer?is?found?in the breast, doctors try to determine if malignant cells have metastasized beyond the breast and surrounding tissues, which may lead to serious, often fatal, complications. The most common sites of metastasis in breast cancer patients are the lymph nodes located in the armpit. The presence or absence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes helps physicians determine how far the cancer has advanced. Doctors usually remove several underarm lymph nodes to determine if they are cancerous. This surgical procedure may produce lymphedema, a painful swelling of the arm due to fluid accumulation, and it may place a woman at increased risk for infection. In a new procedure called sentinel-node biopsy, doctors use a less-invasive method to identify and remove a sentinel node, a single lymph node to which cancer cells from the breast travel first. If the sentinel node does not contain cancer cells, the cancer has not spread beyond the breast and the woman is saved more extensive surgery. CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS Women age 40 and older should have a screening mammogram every year and should continue to do so as long as they are in good health.Mammograms are a very good screening tool for breast cancer. As in any test, mammograms have limitations and will miss some cancers. The results of your mammogram, breast exam, and family history should be discussed with your health-care provider.Women in their 20s and 30s should have a clinical breast exam (CBE) as part of regular health exams by a health-care professional about every three years for women in their 20s and 30s and every year for women 40 years of age and over.CBE are an important tool to detect changes in your breast and also trigger a discussion with your health-care provider about early cancer detection and risk factors.Breast self-exam?(BSE) is an option for women starting in their 20s. Women should report any breast changes to their health-care professional.If a woman wishes to do BSE, the technique should be reviewed with her health-care provider. The goal is to feel comfortable with the way the woman's breast feels and looks and therefore detect changes.Women at high risk (greater than 20% lifetime risk) should get an?MRI?and a mammogram every year. Women at moderate risk (15%-20%) should talk to their doctor about the benefits and limitations of adding MRI screening to their yearly mammogram.EFFECTS ON PATIENTSThere are some effects of breast cancer that are common for most types of cancer. These tend to be the effects that cancer has on the body as a whole. For example, people with breast cancer often suffer from extreme fatigue and a lack of energy. They may also suffer from nausea, a lack of appetite, and may have sudden and unexplained weight loss. Sometime early death .CONCLUSIONThis project was design to be very effective on more young women to be more aware of this disease . Young women should more intelligent of this disease after doing my research, it have proven that breast cancer is the most common cancer among American and western women. It is very low in the eastern part of the world . One in every eight women can develops breast cancer. There are many types of breast cancer that differ in their capability of spreading (metastasize) to other body tissues. The causes of breast cancer are not yet fully known although a number of risk factors have been identified. There are many different types of breast cancer. Breast cancer is diagnosed with physician and self-examination of the breasts, mammography, ultrasound testing, and biopsy Treatment of breast cancer depends on the type of cancer and its stage (the extent of spread in the body).According to the American Cancer society: Over 200,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed each year. Nearly 40,000 women will die of breast cancer in 2011.There are over 2.5 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. A woman should have a baseline mammogram between the 35 and 40 years of age. Between 40 and 50 years of age, mammograms are recommended every other year. After 50 years of age, yearly mammograms are recommended. BIBLIOGRAPHYWebsite : and yapstuff .orgBooks: The Breast Cancer Book of Strength & Courage: Inspiring Stories to See You Through Your Journey and The Breast Cancer Survival Manual, Third Edition: A Step-by-Step Guide for the Woman With Newly Diagnosed Breast CancerMagazine: Breast Cancer Wellness Magazine ................
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