Centers for Disease Control and Prevention



Appendix A.Risk factorWaveData sourceMean(SD)RangeAlphaDescriptionArea characteristicsPercent in poverty1U. S. Census0.33(.14)0-100-Level of poverty in the participant’s census tract of residence.Neighborhood disorganization1Parent1.69(.64)1-30.9617-item scale indicating perceptions of crime, dilapidation, and disorganization in their community (RYDS Measure).Family background/structureLow parent education1Parent11.35(2.15)6-18-Highest grade of schooling completed. Poverty-level income2Parent0.32(.46)0-1-Whether the family income falls below the federally-defined poverty level for a given family size. Teenage mother1Parent19.07(3.70)12-41-How old the mother was at the birth of her first child, comparing teenage mothers to older mothers. Family transitions1-9Parent/Adolescent1.37(1.56)0-9-Cumulative measure from waves 1 to 9 indicating the number of waves in which there was a change in parents or guardians reported in either the parent or adolescent interviews.Parent stressorsParent depressive symptoms2Parent1.70(.63)1-50.75Eight-item scale of depressive symptoms such as frequency of feeling lonely, worthless, or suicidal and rating of life overall. Based on a modified version of the Depression Scale CES-D (Radloff, 1977). Risk factorWaveData sourceMean(SD)RangeAlphaDescriptionParental stress2Parent2.17(.53)1-40.68Eight-item scale of parent’s stress-related thoughts and feelings, such as frequency of not feeling in control or not being able to handle personal problems (RYDS Measure). Parent marijuana use2-4Parent0.43(.50)0-1-Dichotomous measure of whether the participant’s parent reported using marijuana at any point between waves 2 and 4, when the adolescents were approximately 14 and 15 years of age. Parent alcohol use2-4Parent0.16(.37)0-1-Dichotomous measure of whether the participant’s parent reported having 3-4 drinks more than half of the time when drinking, measured between waves 2 and 4.Exposure to family violenceParental partner conflict3-7Parent0.27(.45)0-1-Binary measure, based on the Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus, 1979), referring to severe, physical conflict between the parents and their partners to which the adolescent participant may have been exposed. Maltreatment victimization1-9Child Protective Services0.20(.40)0-1-Binary measure indicating whether or not an official, substantiated report of neglect, physical, or sexual abuse against the adolescent participant occurred before age 17.Family hostility2Parent1.61(.54)1-4-Three-item index assessing the extent to which the parent reports a climate of hostility and conflict within the family (RYDS Measure).Risk factorWaveData sourceMean(SD)RangeAlphaDescriptionParent-child relationshipsLow attachment to parent8Adolescent3.42(.42)1-40.89Eleven-item adaptation of the Hudson Scale of Attitudes to Parents (Hudson, 1982) in which the adolescent reports his/her perception of the degree of warmth and lack of hostility in the parent-child relationship.Low attachment to child8Parent3.49(.47)1-40.81Eleven-item adaptation of the Hudson Scale (Hudson, 1982) in which the parent reports on his/her relations with the child.Inconsistent discipline7Parent2.81(.44)1-40.77Seven-item scale indicating how often punishment is ineffective or the child gets away with things (RYDS Measure).Poor supervision8Adolescent3.55(.48)1-40.79Four-item scale indicating the adolescent’s report of their parents’ lack of awareness of where they are, their friends, and activities (RYDS Measure).EducationLow commitment to school8Adolescent3.07(.39)1-40.85Ten-item scale measuring various facets of the adolescent’s commitment such as the importance of schoolwork (RYDS Measure).Low college expectations8Adolescent2.60(.73)1-3-Single question indicating the degree of certainty with which the adolescent expects to attend college (RYDS Measure).Low parent college expectations for adolescent7Parent2.63(1.32)1-3-Single question indicating the parent’s assessment of how likely the adolescent is to attend college (RYDS Measure).Risk factorWaveData sourceMean(SD)RangeAlphaDescriptionSchool dropoutAdolescent0.27(.44)0-1-Whether the participant was not attending or had not graduated from high school by wave 10 (age 21).Peer relationshipsDelinquent peers8Adolescent1.35(.56)1-40.89Eight-item scale based on the adolescent’s report of how many friends participated in a variety of delinquent behaviors.Unsupervised time with friends8Adolescent2.18(.84)1-5-How much time they spend with friends "hanging out" without adults being present and supervising them.Early Intimate RelationshipsPrecocious sexual activityAdolescent0.32(.47)0-1-Whether the participant reported engaging in sexual activity before the age of 15.Precocious parenthoodAdolescent0.19(.40)0-1-Whether the adolescent self-reported having a child prior to turning twenty years old.Precocious cohabitationAdolescent0.10(.30)0-1-Whether the participant reported living with a partner before the age of 19.Adolescent stressorsNegative life events8Adolescent1.65(1.35)0-8-Sum of the number of potential negative events and stressors experienced by the adolescent such as breaking up with a significant other or being suspended from school.Risk factorWaveData sourceMean(SD)RangeAlphaDescriptionDepressive symptoms8Adolescent2.01(.48)1-40.8214-item scale, based on a modified version of the Depression Scale CES-D (Radloff, 1977), which averages the frequency of a number of depressive symptoms.Low self-esteem8Adolescent3.26(.44)1-40.87Nine-item measure derived from Rosenberg (1965), which averages agreement with statements such as satisfaction with and respect for self.Internalizing problems7Parent0.42(.31)0-20.89Trimmed version (Lizotte, Chard-Wierschem, Loeber & Stern (1992) of the internalizing behavior scale from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1979) and is based on three subscales (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed).Antisocial behaviorsGeneral delinquency8Adolescent0.39(.49)0-1-Self-report inventory of 32 items covering a broad range of behaviors ranging from minor status offenses to serious violent crimes.Problem marijuana use8Adolescent0.04(.28)0-6-Six-item self-report scale measuring problems stemming from the adolescent’s marijuana use, such as needing more to get high or experiencing school trouble. Problem alcohol use8Adolescent0.10(.43)0-6-Six-item scale measuring problem behaviors related to the adolescent’s alcohol use, such as memory loss and physical fights.Risk factorWaveData sourceMean(SD)RangeAlphaDescriptionHostility7Parent0.28(.28)0-2-Trimmed version (Lizotte et al., 1992) of the externalizing behavior items from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1979). Aggression7Parent0.37(.36)0-2-Trimmed version (Lizotte et al., 1992) of the externalizing behavior items from the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1979).ReferencesAchenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1979). The child behavior profile: II. Boys aged 12–16 and girls aged 6–11 and 12–16. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 223–233.Hudson, W. (1982). The clinical measurement package: A field manual. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.Lizotte, A. J., Chard-Wierschem, D. J., Loeber, R., & Stern, S. B. (1992). A shortened Child Behavior Checklist for delinquency studies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 8, 233–245.Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88. ................
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