Tredyffrin/Easttown School District / Overview



ANSWER KEY6172200-22860000KEYSTONE REVIEW PACKET ANCHOR 5: CELL GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIONLEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe the there stages of the cell cycle: Interphase, Nuclear Division, and CytokinesisDescribe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division (ie. Mitosis or meiosis), cytokinesisCompare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisionsExplain how genetic information is inheritedDescribe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic informationExplain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance0399415Anaphase Crossing over Interphase NondisjunctionAllele Cytokinesis Gene recombination ProphaseCell cycle DNA replication Interphase Semiconservative replicationCentromere Gamete MeiosisChromosomes Gene MetaphaseChromatids Homologous Mitosis00Anaphase Crossing over Interphase NondisjunctionAllele Cytokinesis Gene recombination ProphaseCell cycle DNA replication Interphase Semiconservative replicationCentromere Gamete MeiosisChromosomes Gene MetaphaseChromatids Homologous MitosisVocabulary:Concepts To Know:320040019748500Main Idea #1: The Cell CycleThe Cell cycle – period of time from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of the nextDuring the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then begins the cell cycle again (only in mitosis) Consists of 3 phases:1) INTERPHASE (longest)G1 – intense growth and activityS phase – copying of chromosomes (DNA replication)G2 – intense growth and activity2) NUCLEAR DIVISION – (mitosis or meiosis– the division of the cell nucleus3) CYTOKINESIS – cytoplasmic division560070029210000MITOSISBiologists divide the events of mitosis into 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophaseProphase – 1st and longest phase of mitosis (50-60% of total time)chromosomes become visible as pairs of identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromerecentrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleuschromosomes attach to spindle at the centromereplants do not have centriolesorganize spindle from areas called centrosomesnucleolus disappearsnuclear envelope breaks downMetaphase – 2nd phase of mitosischromosomes line up along center of the cellmicrotubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindleAnaphase – 3rd phase of mitosiscentromeres that join the sister chromatids splitchromatids separate and become individual daughter chromosomeschromatids get pulled apart, to the poles of the spindleTelophase – 4th phase of mitosischromosomes become loose and begin to dispersenuclear envelope reformsspindle breaks aparta nucleolus reappearscytokinesis begins during telophaseCYTOKINESIS – division of the cytoplasmin animals, cell membrane pinches in at the middlein plants, cell plate forms midway through the cell, eventually growing to become new wall457200889000Match the correct term to the events being described:___B__ Stage of Interphase where DNA is copiedA. G1 Phase___H__ Stage of Mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apartB. S Phase___E__ When cytoplasm divides and daughter cells are madeC. G2 Phase___A__ Stage of Interphase when cell grows in sizeD. Mitosis or Meiosis___G__ Stage of Mitosis when chromosomes are lined up at equator of cellE. Cytokinesis___C__ Stage of Interphase when cell prepares for mitosisF. Prophase___D__ Nuclear divisionG. Metaphase___F__ Stage of Mitosis where sister chromatids condense and become visibleH. AnaphaseUse the following word bank to label the diagram below: (#’S NEXT TO TERMS REFER TO BOX #’S)22860024130(3) spindle fibers (1) centrioles(2) chromatin(4 & 9) interphase (2X)(5) prophase(6) metaphase (7) anaphase(8) telophase00(3) spindle fibers (1) centrioles(2) chromatin(4 & 9) interphase (2X)(5) prophase(6) metaphase (7) anaphase(8) telophaseMEIOSISMeiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half and homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell are separatedInvolves two distinct stages: meiosis I and meiosis IIOne diploid (full # of chromosomes) cell becomes 4 haploid (half # of chromosomes) cellsHomologous chromosomes – pairs of chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) with genes for same traits on them Body Cells have both sets of chromosomes = DIPLOID (2n)2 complete sets of chromosomes (so have 2 complete sets of genes)53721009906000Gametes (egg and sperm) have only one set of chromosomes = HAPLOID (n) contain only one set of genesMeiosis I – prior to meiosis I, each chromosome is replicated Chromosomes line-up similar to mitosis, except the homologous chromosomes form a tetrad (4 chromatids)Occurs during prophase ICrossing over may occur – results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes and produces new combinations of allelesHomologous chromosomes separate and two new cells are formedMeiosis II – cells from meiosis I enter meiosis IICell does not undergo chromosome replication before Meiosis IIAnaphase II – chromatids separate instead of homologous pairs22860042799000Each resulting sex cell (gamete) has one copy of each gene5600700-114300CROSSING OVER ICROSSING OVER I68516524511000Label the stages of Meiosis Below. Indicate where you see crossing over occur. 582930014605914400292100ANAPHASE IANAPHASE I2971800177800ANAPHASE IIANAPHASE II5029200177800PROPHASE IPROPHASE I1028700271780METAPHASE IMETAPHASE I2971800271780METAPHASE IIMETAPHASE II4914900271780TELOPHASE ITELOPHASE I1028700137160PROPHASE IIPROPHASE II3543300137160TELOPHASE IITELOPHASE II11430028321000Main Concept #2: Compare the processes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear division50260254133850004. In the table provided, place a check in the column that is true for the description in the left column. (note: you may have checks in both columns if the statement relates to both Mitosis and Meiosis)Description / EventMitosisMeiosis Nuclear membrane breaks downXXCreates Gametes (egg & sperm)XDaughter cells are identical to parentXBody cells resultXIs used for growth and repairXFinal chromosome # is the same as the parent cellXDiploid (2n) cells result at endXHomologous chromosomes join, forming Tetrads XDNA is replicated before it beginsXXHaploid (n) Cells ResultXCrossing over happensXErrors in Mitosis and Meiosis38481008039100Cancer – Uncontrolled cell division; cells continue to divide, creating a tumor. Results from a mutation(s) in genes that control the cell cycle. Nondisjunction - failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis. If nondisjunction occurs, abnormal numbers of chromosomes may find their way into gametes, and a chromosome disorder may result (e.g. Down Syndrome, 3 chromosomes at 21st pair)480060034290000Main Concept #3: Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information.Structure of DNA: DNA is a double helix (two strands that coil around each other) and resembles a twisted ladder. Each chain is a polymer made of nucleotides (monomer unit of nucleic acids). One nucleotide contains three parts: Deoxyribose sugarPhophate GroupNitrogen-containing Base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine)The sides of the ladder are alternating deoxyribose sugar molecules and phosphate groups. A nitrogen-containing base is connected to each sugar molecule. 5. On the diagram below, label each deoxyribose sugar with a “D”, each phosphate group with a “P”, and indicate the correct missing bases.1828800274320T00T914400388620D00D571500160020P00P2400300274320P00P4305302540001714500408305G00G2400300408305P00P205740065405D00D571500294005P00P895350200660D00D628650115570P00P1800225267970C00C2371725259080P00P207645010795D00D628650249555P00P89535011430D00D209550087630D00D400050021590000885825307975D00D1647825165100A00A2085975317500D00D235267550165P00P Using the diagram to the right, explain the relationship between the bases of DNA (nucleotides), genes, and chromosomes. CHROMOSOMES ARE A COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT GENES, WHICH ARE SEQUENCES OF DNA NUCLEOTIDES365760013906500DNA Replication – copying of DNAEnsures that each resulting cell will have a complete set of DNA moleculesDuring DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template against which the new strand is made called semiconservative replication1828800000 On the diagram to the right, color the original parent DNA strands red, and the new DNA strands blue. Looking at the diagram you colored above, explain what the statement “DNA replication is semi-conservative” means. DURING DNA REPLICATION, EACH SIDE OF THE PARENT DNA MOLECULE IS USED AS A TEPMPLATE TO BUILD A NEW COMPLIMENTARY STRAND. THEREFORE, THE DAUGHTER DNA MOLECULES CONSIST OF ONE STRAND (SEMI) FROM THE ORIGINAL PARENT MOLECULE (CONSERVATIVE) AND ONE NEWLY BUILT STRAND. Why is DNA replication a vital step in the cell cycle (S Phase)? What would happen if this phase did not occur? IF NO DNA REPLICATION OCCURRED DURING THE CELL CYCLE, THE ORIGINAL CHROMOSOMES OF THE PARENT CELL WOULD NOT BE COPIED. WHEN CELL DIVISION OCCURRED, THERE WOULD NOT BE ENOUGH CHROMOSOMES FOR THE TWO DAUGHTER CELLS. Using base-pairing rules, list the correct nucleotides that would be complimentary to the sequence listed below:Side #1: A T C G T C A G T A C G C A T T A C G A C G Side #2: T A G C A G T C A T G C G T A A T G C A G CPractice Questions:Which statement best describes the phase of the cell cycle shown?A. The cell is in prophase of mitosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled.B. The cell is in prophase I of meiosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled.C. The cell is in telophase of mitosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.D. The cell is in telophase of meiosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?A. Meiosis is a multi-step process.B. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells.C. Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism.D. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells. (MEIOSIS PRODUCES GENETICALLY DIFFERENT CELLS)Which of the following statements is true?Mitosis results in the formation of two haploid gametes which can then combine to form a diploid daughter cell.During the process of meiosis, haploid cells are formed. After fertilization, the diploid number of chromosomes is restored.The process of meiosis forms daughter cells which are genetically identical to their parent cells.The daughter cells formed during mitosis are genetically similar to, though not identical to, their parent cell.Which of the following best describes the way that genes, chromosomes, and DNA are related?Chromosomes contain several genes, which are made up of sequences of DNA.Genes contain several chromosomes, which are made up of sequences of DNA.Genes contain several sequences of DNA, which are made up of chromosomes.Sequences of DNA contain several genes, which are made up of chromosomes.If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis?19C. 1176D. 38A cell in the process of cell division contains the normal chromosome number. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids. During which stages and processes can such a cell exist?A. telophase of mitosis, but no stage of meiosisB. metaphase of mitosis, but no stage of meiosisC. anaphase I of meiosis and anaphase of mitosisD. prophase I of meiosis and prophase of mitosis7. Sometimes an error called non-disjunction occurs during meiosis. What is the result of this error? A. Cytokinesis fails to happenB. Daughter cells do not get createdC. Daughter cells with an incorrect number of chromosomes are formedD. Meiosis stops early ................
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