Standard Biology Photosynthesis & Respiration Unit Test



Honors Biology Energy Unit Test 2011

Name: _______________________________________________ Date: _____________

Part I.

The following short answer questions are required, and they should help with the remainder of the test.

1. Write the equation for the BALANCED photosynthesis reaction in the space below. Write the chemical formulas AND names of the molecules. Label the reaction as endergonic or exergonic.

Endergonic

6CO2 + 6H2O( C6H12O6 + 6O6

carbon dioxide water Glucose oxygen gas

2. Write the equation for the BALANCED aerobic cellular respiration reaction in the space below. Write the chemical formulas AND names of the molecules. Label the reaction as endergonic or exergonic.

Exergonic

C6H12O6 + 6O6 ( 6CO2 + 6H2O

Glucose oxygen gas carbon dioxide water

3. Why are photosynthesis and respiration considered complementary reactions?

The products of one reaction are the reactants of the other reaction. In other words, what is needed for one reaction to take place is produced in the other reaction.

4. Why is cellular respiration essential to life?

Cellular respiration unlocks the chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules. The energy is released from the cellular respiration reaction as ATP, which is a high energy molecule that is like a battery for the cells. In other words, ATP provides energy ready for the cells to use. All living things require a constant supply of energy to power their life processes.

5. Why is photosynthesis essential to life?

Producers produce the majority of food on our planet for not only themselves but all other organisms. Also, oxygen gas is a product of the reaction which is necessary for aerobic respiration. Many organisms on Earth require oxygen to respire, and therefore to live.

6. This question is required. Please read all requirements.

* Sketch the process of ATP changing to ADP AND ADP becoming ATP.

*Label the two processes as ENDERGONIC or EXERGONIC reactions.

*Make sure you label ATP, ADP, energy, and the high energy bond.

*You may use the labels A for adenosine & P for phosphate.

*Write-out the full names of the ATP and ADP molecules.

ATP=adenosine triphosphate ADP=adenosine diphosphate

ADP( ATP: endergonic

[pic]

ATP( ADP: exergonic

[pic]

7. Describe in detail what happens during the light reactions of photosystems. Use terms such as photosystems (be specific about which is which), pigments, reaction center, water-splitting, NADPH, ATP, ADP, NADP+, oxygen gas, etc.

Photosystem II: Water-splitting photosystem

In photosystem II light energy is captured by the pigments in the thylakoid

membrane. The wavelengths of light bounce from pigment to pigment until finally

reaching the reaction center which is next to a principal pigment molecule. When light energy is captured electrons are moved to an excited state. Water molecules are also split in this photosystem in order to replace the excited electrons. When the water molecules are split oxygen gas from the water molecules is released.

[pic]

Electron Transport Chain:

The excited electrons move through an electron transport chain. Here is where ATP

molecules to be used in the Dark reactions (Calvin cycle) are produced.

Photosystem I: NADPH producing photosystem

In the Photosystem I electrons reduce NADP+ to form NADPH. NADPH transports

electrons to the Dark reactions.

[pic]

8. Describe how CAM plants are different from C3 and C4 plants and WHY they have this adaptation. Where are CAM plants typically found?

CAM plants are different from C3 and C4 plants because they have temporal division of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. CAM plants keep their stomata closed during the day to reduce the loss of water. The rate of evaporation is highest during the day. The light reactions do not require carbon dioxide, so the light reactions can take place when the stomata are closed. At night, when the evaporation rates are lower the stomata are open to allow the intake of carbon dioxide so the dark reactions can take place. In C3 plants the reactions can take place at the same time. In C4 plants, the reactions can also take place at the same time due to a special enzyme which helps the plant produce carbon dioxide and access carbon dioxide so that the dark reactions can take place when the stomata are closed. Therefore, C4 plants are also adapted to arid environments.

Part II. Multiple Choice, GENERAL questions. Please complete your scantron AND CHECK IT! As always choose the BEST answer.

1. Energy is

a. the ability to break or form chemical bonds

b. the ability to do work

c. the ability to change things

d. the ability to break chemical bonds

Matching

2. Work a a. Moves things in directions in which they

would otherwise not be moved.

3. Kinetic energy e b. a measure of disorder or randomness

4. Potential energy d c. the random motion of atoms and molecules

5. Heat c d. energy that an object has because of its

location or arrangement.

6. Entropy b e. the energy of motion

7. Food has _______________________________ energy.

a. stored chemical energy c. stored kinetic energy

b. energy ready for cells to use d. high energy phosphates

8. Energy READY for the cells to use is most commonly stored in

a. NADP+ c. ADP

b. ATP d. glucose

e. NADPH

9. Energy in food is released through

a. photosynthesis c. cellular respiration

b. electron transport chain d. Calvin cycle

10. What types of organisms need energy to live?

a. plants c. protists

b. autotrophs d. heterotrophs

e. all of the above

11. Choose the oxidized form

a. NADP+

b. NADPH

c. ATP

d. ADP

12. Choose the phosphorylated form

a. NADP+

b. NADPH

c. ATP

d. ADP

13. True or false. Energy is neither created or destroyed.

a. true b. false

14. True or false. Matter is neither created or destroyed.

a. true b. false

15. How many calories are in a Calorie?

1. 10

b. 100

c. 1000

d. 1

16. How is the energy in food measured on nutrition labels?

a. Calories

b. calories

c. Kilocalories

d. both a and c

e. none of the above

Part IV. Cellular Respiration Multiple Choice

17. In cellular respiration the energy starts as ____________ energy and ends up as ______________ energy.

a. light; heat c. chemical; chemical

b. heat; light d. light; chemical

18. In the human body, muscle cells have an increased need for energy during exercise. To help supply this energy, the body will immediately increase —

a. activity in the nervous system to stimulate intake of carbon dioxide

b. the need for waste products to be retained

c. the breathing rate to supply more oxygen to cells for the release of energy

d. food intake to increase the substances available for respiration

19. Which organelle does cellular respiration take place in, in eukaryotic cells?

a. mitochondria c. lysosome

b. vacuole d. chloroplast

20. In cellular respiration, what organic molecule is most often broken down for energy?

a. amino acids c. glucose

b. glycerol d. fatty acids

21. True or false

Only one type of organic molecule can be broken down in aerobic respiration

a. true b. false

22. Does anaerobic respiration take place in the presence or absence of oxygen?

a. presence of oxygen

b. absence of oxygen

23. Which types of cellular respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) takes place in the human body?

a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. both d. neither

24. Which is more efficient—aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

a. aerobic b. anaerobic

25. Which stage of respiration is common between all three types we discussed?

a. lactic acid fermentation c. glycolysis

b. ethanol fermentation d. Calvin cycle

26. Which type of respiration does yeast conduct?

a. lactic acid fermentation

b. ethanol fermentation

c. aerobic respiration

d. Krebs cycle

27. What does glycolysis mean?

a. forming glucose

b. splitting glucose

c. releasing energy

d. initial step in the formation of glucose

28. What are the products of glycolysis?

a. 2 ATP

b. 36 ATP

c. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

d. 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules

e. ethanol and carbon dioxide

29. What are the products of the electron transport chain in respiration?

a. 2 ATP

b. 36 ATP

c. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

d. 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules

e. ethanol and carbon dioxide

30. What are the products of alcohol fermentation?

a. 2 ATP

b. 36 ATP

c. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

d. 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules

e. ethanol and carbon dioxide

31. What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

a. 2 ATP

b. 36 ATP

c. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

d. 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP molecules

e. ethanol and carbon dioxide

32. What type of respiration do yeast and most plants perform?

a. lactic acid fermentation

b. ethanol fermentation

c. aerobic respiration

d. Krebs cycle

33. What is the final electron acceptor molecule in cellular respiration?

a. NAD+

b. FAD+

c. oxygen gas

d. carbon dioxide

Part III. Photosynthesis multiple choice questions.

34. In photosynthesis the energy starts as ____________ energy and ends up as ______________ energy.

a. light; heat c. chemical; chemical

b. heat; light d. light; chemical

35. What types of organisms perform photosynthesis? Choose the BEST answer

a. plants c. autotrophs

b. some photosynthetic protists d. all of the above

e. consumers

36. Which cell organelle does photosynthesis take place in?

a. mitochondria c. lysosome

b. vacuole d. chloroplast

37. The main pigment involved in photosynthesis is

a. xanthophylls c. chlorophyll

b. carotene d. bromothymol blue

38. Carotene reflects ______________ wavelengths

a. green c. yellow

b. blue d. red

39. Chlorophyll absorbs ______________ wavelengths

a. green c. yellow

b. blue d. red

e. b and d

40. In the picture below, which pigment is the least massive?

a. chlorophyll b c. xanthophyll

b. chlorophyll a d. carotene

[pic]

41. The wavelengths of light which are the most efficient for photosynthesis are

a. red & blue

b. yellow & orange

c. green & yellow

d. blue & green

42. In the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what happens?

a. light is absorbed

b. oxygen is released

c. water is used

d. ATP is produced for the next set of reactions

e. all of the above

43. In the light independent reactions of photosynthesis, what happens?

a. light is absorbed

b. ATP is produced

c. glucose is produced

d. water is used

44. What is another name for the light independent reactions?

a. Calvin Cycle

b. electron transport chain

c. Krebs cycle

d. fermentation

45. What powers the light independent reactions?

a. ATP & NADPH produced by the light dependent reactions

b. ADP & NADP+ produced by the light dependent reactions

c. sunlight

d. glucose

46. Photosynthesis is important because

a. carbon dioxide is used

b. solar energy is converted to chemical energy

c. food is produced

d. oxygen is produced

e. all of the above

47. What is the purpose of NADPH in photosynthesis?

a. provide energy

b. carry electrons

c. provide carbon dioxide

d. store oxygen

48. Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

a. mitochondrial matrix

b. stroma

c. stomata

d. thylakoid membrane

49. Where do the light independent reactions take place?

a. mitochondrial matrix

b. stroma

c. stomata

d. thylakoid membrane

50-52. Label the following in the chloroplast

a. stroma 51 b. thylakoid 52 c. granum 50

[pic]

Questions 53-58.

Label the following structures on the diagram

a. epidermis d. palisade mesophyll

b. spongy mesophyll e. waxy cuticle

c. guard cell a. stoma

[pic]

***** Put a star on the diagram where carbon dioxide and oxygen gases are stored in the leaf.

59. Choose the structure which open and closes the openings on the leaf which allow for easy gas exchange.

a. epidermis d. palisade mesophyll

b. spongy mesophyll e. waxy cuticle

c. guard cell a. stoma

[pic]

60-69.

a. NADPH

b. NADP+

c. ATP

d. ADP

e. Light energy( Goes into light reactions

a. Glucose ( comes out of the dark reactions

b. oxygen gas -> comes out of light reactions

c. carbon dioxide ( goes into dark reactions

d. water( goes into light reactions

Short Answers. Choose 2

1. Two stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria. Explain how you would know that prokaryotic organisms do NOT perform aerobic respiration.

Prokaryotic organisms do not have mitochondria in their cells. Therefore they cannot perform aerobic respiration.

2. a. What is the net ATP yield of aerobic respiration?

36-38 ATP

b. What is the net ATP yield of anaerobic respiration?

2 ATP

3. Regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration, why is one process more efficient? Why is this?

In aerobic respiration, oxygen gas is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain where the majority of the ATP molecules is produced. Also, glucose is not fully broken down in anaerobic respiration, so there is still chemical energy that is not released in the bonds of the lactic acid or ethanol.

4. Name two functions of carotene. Traps light energy as an accessory pigment and protects the other pigments from light damage.

Choose 1 of the following

Option 1. Did aerobic or anaerobic organisms develop first? Explain how you know.

Anaerobic respiration. When life first originated oxygen was not a dominant gas in the atmosphere. The composition of the atmosphere changed after photosynthetic organisms started producing oxygen. Also, prokaryotic organisms evolved first.

Option 2. Describe the contribution of the understanding of photosynthesis of either Priestly, Ingenhousz or Senebier, being sure to describe their experimental set-up.

Option 3. First, state whether aerobic or anaerobic respiration takes place in the following organisms, AND explain how you know! If the organism undergoes a form of fermentation, please specify which form.

a. humans—aerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation. We need to breathe in

oxygen gas to live to perform aerobic respiration. After strenuous exercise lactic

acid build-up can make our muscles sore.

b. yeast—ethanol fermentation. Yeast can be used to produce alcoholic beverages and to

make bread rise (the carbon dioxide causes the bread to rise).

b. bacteria—various kinds of fermentation including lactic acid fermentation. Some

bacteria are used to produce foods such as yogurt through lactic acid

fermentation.

Option 4. If rising global temperatures (global warming) have been linked to increased levels of carbon dioxide, and deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles are increasing, how could this be linked to the cycles of photosynthesis and respiration? BE SPECIFIC!

Deforestation means fewer tree to carry out photosynthesis and convert carbon dioxide to oxygen gas. This means increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps heat in the atmosphere.

Option 5. Describe in DETAIL two adaptations of land plants to conserve water.

*CAM plants (see earlier question)

*C4 plants

*thick waxy cuticle—prevents water loss

*reduced SA to volume ratio

Option 6. Explain what a redox reaction is, and how redox reactions are important in photosynthesis and respiration. Be as specific as possible.

Oxidation/Reduction Reactions involve an electron acceptor molecule and an electron

donor.

Bonus: You should fill these out on your test booklet.

1. In which part of the photosynthesis or respiration reactions are electrons boosted uphill?

2. When electrons fall down an electron transport chain, what actually generates energy? Be specific.

3. What is a facultative anaerobe?

4. What substance (and by which process) gives yogurt and saurkraut its sour taste?

5. In what kind of environments might plants conduct anaerobic respiration? Be specific!

6. What is xanophyll?

7. Name on C4 plant

8. What does oxygen debt mean in terms of respiration?

9. What is a chemoautotroph? Give an example as well.

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58. d

53. b

55. a

54. c

56. e

51

50

52

57. a

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