Energy Flow in Ecosystems



PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION NOTES

Chapter 9

I. Energy

a. What do organisms use energy for?

b. What is the source for an organism’s energy?

c. Where do autotrophs get their energy?

d. Where do heterotrophs get their energy?

e. Energy is the ability to do ___________________ or cause ______________________.

f. Work for a cell includes

i.

ii. Active Transport

iii.

g. Energy Molecule

i. Full name of molecule that stores energy:

ii. Energy is stored in each __________________________ ___________________.

iii. As each bond is broken, ______________________________________________

iv. ADP can then store _________________ again by bonding with a phosphate group becoming __________________.

h. Importance of ATP

i. Two biological processes use this energy reaction

1.

2.

ii. How are these two processes interconnected?

iii. Biochemical pathways are a complex series of _________________________ ________________________ in which the product of one reaction is __________________________ in the next reaction.

1. Example: photosynthesis and cellular respiration

II. Photosynthesis

a. Balanced Equation:

b. Equation explained using words:

c. Chloroplast

i. Organelle that is the site of _____________________________

ii. Surrounded by 2 membranes

iii. Filled with thylakoids and stroma

1. Thylakoids: disks of ______________________

that store chlorophyll

2. Grana:

3. Stroma: Fluid that fills the space

between grana

iv. Chlorophyll

1. Pigment that __________________ ___________________ from sunlight.

2. Appears green because it _________________________ green light.

d. Photosynthesis—2 Steps

i. Light Reaction (_________________ ______________________)

1. Requires light

ii. Dark Reaction (_________________ ______________________)

1. Does _________ _________________ light

e. Light Reaction

i. Write Equation:

ii. Chlorophyll captures ________________________ releasing electrons.

iii. To replace these lost electrons, _______________ is split by an enzyme, forming H+, electrons and O2.

1. What happens to the O2 and why?

iv. The electrons travel along two electron transport chains (ETC) creating a concentration gradient of H+ ions inside the thylakoid membrane.

1. Electron Transport Chains: a series of molecules that _________________ pass through, transferring their _______________, and creating a concentration gradient of H+ ions.

v. In the first ETC, excess H+ __________________ through ATP synthase turning ADP into ____________.

vi. In the second ETC, H+ ions, electrons and NADP+ form __________________, another biological ______________ ____________________.

vii. ATP and NADPH are then used to power the ____________ ________________.

viii. Light Reaction Summary

1. Requires _______________ and _____________

2. Occurs in ________________________

3. Makes __________, ________________, and ____________________.

4. Takes the energy of sunlight and _________________________________ __________________________________.

f. Dark Reaction

i. Uses _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________.

ii. Can occur in light and dark, as long as ATP and NADPH are present.

iii. Occurs in the _____________________ of chloroplast.

iv. Also called the _______________________ Cycle.

1. A series of __________________ _______________________ where CO2 is used to produce a 3-carbon sugar.

2. This 3-carbon sugar will then use the energy in ________ and _________ to produce glucose.

v. Makes _____________________ along with ADP and NADP+. The energy from ___________ and ___________ is transferred into the chemical bonds of glucose.

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III. Cellular Respiration

a. Balanced Equation:

(NOTE THAT THIS IS THE EXACT OPPOSITE RXN OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

b. Process where carbohydrates are _____________________________________________

c. The organelle where cellular respiration takes place______________________________

i. Surrounded by _____ membranes

ii. Cristae:

iii. Matrix is the fluid that fills the innermost region.

d. What types of organisms perform cellular respiration?

e. Step 1—Glycolysis

i. Enzymes break down _________________ into pyruvate.

ii. Produces _____ ATP molecules

iii. Happens in the _______________________ and can occur without oxygen.

f. Aerobic Respiration

i. Type of respiration that occurs ________________________________________.

ii. Pyruvate moves into the mitochondria where it goes through the Krebs Cycle.

1. A series of _________________________ _________________ that break down pyruvate into ___________ and _____________.

iii. The electrons carried by NADH pass through an ___________________ ________________ _______________.

iv. Hydrogen ions ___________________ through ATP synthase providing energy to produce _____________________ ___________ molecules.

v. Oxygen, electrons, and 2 H+ ions combine to form _______________.

vi. End results:

1. Glucose has been broken down into ______________________________ _____________________________.

2. ________ ATP are produced from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration.

g. Fermentation

i. Method of breaking down carbohydrates when ____________________________ ________________ after glycolysis.

ii. Also called ______________________ respiration.

iii. Occurs in the _________________________

iv. Pyruvate is broken down but only produces _______ ATP.

v. Two types of fermentation:

1. In both types, pyruvate is being __________________________________ _______________________________ (lactic acid or alcohol).

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

a. What type of human cells does this?

b. What is the result?

c. What results from bacteria doing fermentation?

3. Alcoholic Fermentation

a. What types of cells do this?

b. What are some examples of the results?

h. Comparison

|Fermentation |Aerobic Respiration |

| |Requires oxygen |

|Produces 2 ATP | |

|_____________________ at producing energy molecules. |Very ____________________ at producing energy molecules. |

| |Uses Krebs cycle and ETC |

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Label the chloroplast

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Label the adenosine and phosphate bonds

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Label the mitochondria

A:

B:

C:

C

B

A

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