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Name: _____________________________ Unit 4 – Section 1:SPANISH COLONIZATION PACKET-19050039179500A. Map Analysis29235403365500300037582550001. What language is primarily spoken in Central & South America? _______________________2. Identify at least 3 modern-day Central or South American countries that were once under Spanish control: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What major industry was present throughout Central & South America? _________________B. Reading Comprehension (pages 301-305)1. What European country was Christopher Columbus sailing for (which country was financially supporting his voyage)? ____________________2. Why was Hernan Cortes interested in the Aztecs? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What is a “conquistador?” _________________________________________________4. Why did the Aztec leader, Moctezuma not attack the Spanish when they arrived in Mexico?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Why did some native populations want to help Cortes and the conquistadors fight the Aztecs?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. Why was Francisco Pizarro interested in the Incas? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________7. Explain how the Inca leader, Atahualpa met his end. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. Explain why European diseases such as small pox were so deadly to the native populations.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. Describe at least two other advantages the Spanish had over the Aztecs & Incas. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10. Explain what the Columbian Exchange is. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4866640000C. Colonization TimelineDirections: Place the following events from the history Spanish colonization in correct chronological (time-based) order on the timeline on page 4. 1513-21?Ponce de Leon explores Florida on two expeditions.1507?A German cartographer publishes a map of the New World, using the name America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512).1494?Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between Spain and Portugal.1500?Pedro Alvares Cabral claims the Brazilian "hump" for Portugal.1519?Ferdinand Magellan begins a westward circumnavigation of the earth. Killed in the Philippines, his crew completed the round-the-world voyage back to Spain in 1522.1535?Maya defeat and force out all Spaniards from the Yucatan.1540?Pedro de Valdivia begins the conquest of Chile1513?Vasco Nu?ez de Balboa views the "South Sea" from Panama, the Pacific Ocean.1519-22?Cortez enters, lays siege to, and conquers Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.1492?Columbus makes landfall in the Bahamas on October 12.1532?Pizarro captures Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire2914650-57150004.1.2 “Spanish Contact & Conquest” Guided QuestionsUsing context clues (other words/phrases) in the paragraph, what might “inhospitable” mean? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What were the conquerors most interested in controlling? Why? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What are three reasons the Spanish monarchy wanted to control the Americas? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why did European explorers refer to these lands as the Indies? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is “evangelization?” Was it always successful? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Did the Aztec and Inca welcome the Spanish? Why or why not? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did the Native Americans explain Spanish diseases? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________4.1.3 – The Role of the SpanishA. Cortes ReadingImagine what the people of Tenochtitlan were feeling as they saw Cortes’ forces enter their city. Describe in 2-3 sentences what you imagine the Spanish were thinking or feeling as they entered this New World or what the Aztecs/Inca were thinking or feeling upon seeing these strange warriors. Write from either of these two points-of-view to add a personal dimension to the main events in Cortes’ meeting and conquest of the Aztecs._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________B. Skeletal Notes (Guided Notes)Spain ruled its American empires for more than three centuriesThe Spanish ________________________ was relatively well organizedThe _______________ ranks were well definedThe _________________________ was easy to recognizeNo one questioned the King’s rule or refused to obey the crownThe crown ____________________ all colonial arrangementsDespite few Spanish officials Americans _____________________________ put in place by the kingThere was a great distance between the King and the coloniesWhy might this be an issue?Communication was _____________This allowed local officials a great deal of ________________Kings could only hope to set up ______________________ of policyOfficials were able to _________________________ to their needsTo keep the local officials in check, the King sent over very _____________ officialsThe King appointed very few ____________________ to the highest positionsDespite royal ____________, over the years many Spanish officials married into distinguished American familiesTo keep this in check, officials had to agree to __________________________The king’s principle representative was the _________________Many _________________ served as governors of the territories they conquered.Their administrative skills were mixed Their _____________________ made them questionable crown representativesSpaniards relied on _____________________ to collect tribute and to organize labor for public worksThe Spanish were ______________________ of the hierarchyWhat are some of the jobs that the Spanish might have had?Their responsibilities included running the encomiendas (plantations), trading with other countries, mining for minerals, and running the slave tradeDaily Life for Spanish MenIn the early 16th century, very few Spanish men brought women with them when they traveled to the Caribbean as well as to Mesoamerica. What kind of problems might this cause?When these Spanish men came to these places, they began living with and having indigenous women as their mistresses and sometimes later on as their wivesThe Kingdom of Spain made an attempt to steer social policy toward protecting marriage between Spaniards. The Crown realized that, if Spanish men were to marry the indigenous women, that they might then be moved to _________________ and create ties to certain areas of the New World. In the late 1500s, the number of Spanish households that were present in the New World was only at ___________________ The Spaniards created a ________________ system in order to preserve their wealth, power, and privileges. This __________________ system consisted of multiple ranks, with Spaniards being in the top group. How did the Spanish separate different groups of people? What were the groups based on?The ranks of this system were based on a person’s percentage of Spanish blood. The child of a Spaniard and an indigenous person was called a mestizo, and the child of a Spaniard and a mestizo was a castizo. The caste-like system ended up being very complexDespite the Crown’s desire to keep this system _______________________________, the system was not as powerful and enforceable as it was intended to be. The system was __________________ due to the difficulty of distinguishing a person’s ancestry. By the time 1650 came around, there were more people of ___________________ than there were Spanish people.4.1.4 Spanish Colonial SocietyPlace in Society (Hierarchy)?Possible Jobs?What Religion was practiced?Possible Race?The ChurchThe SpanishThe NativesWomenExit Ticket:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________246888019685Haiti4000020000Haiti1036320212598034061402125980center76204.1.5 Compare & Contrast12725405135880Puerto Rico4000020000Puerto Rico37033205131435Dominican Republic4000020000Dominican RepublicHaiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico4.1.6 Cortes TrialHonorable Judge, may it please the court, my name is _________________________. I will prove that Hernan Cortes is _____________________ of crimes against humanity.The Court should rule that Hernan Cortes is ______________________ of these crimes because… ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Also, because… ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Finally, because… ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In conclusion, we request that this Court… _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Rebuttal Preparation Directions: Use this table to help prepare yourself to argue against the arguments of your opponents. Fill out this chart. Use the readings to help you!Here’s how it works:Column 1 – What do you think the other side will argue? Write main points they might write in this column.Column 2 – How would you respond if they argued that? Write bullet points of evidence you could say in response. Column 1: Anticipated Argument From OthersColumn 2: My Counter-ArgumentUnit 4 – Section 1: Spanish ColonizationImportant VocabularyWordDefinitionTenochtitlan:The capital city of the Aztecs. It is now Mexico City.Christopher Columbus:An Italian explorer responsible for the European discovery of America in 1492. He had sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain, under the patronage of the king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella, hoping to find a westward route to India.Columbian Exchange:The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th & 16th centuries, after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyageHernan Cortes:A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the SpanishFrancisco Pizarro:A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Inca Empire in Peru and brought that territory under Spanish controlConquistador:A conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.Conquest:To take control of a place or people by use of military force.Colonization:An ongoing process of control by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its componentsEncomienda (Encomienda System): The system of settlement used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, whereby conquistadors were granted the towns of the native people they conquered. These native people were taxed and used for labor in exchange for the Spanish agreeing to provide them safety through an established military and religious teachings.However, most of the conquistadors used their influence and power to take more land from the natives, increase taxes, and ultimately force the natives into slavery. This exploitation (taking advantage of) of the indigenous natives eventually led to the breakdown of the entire encomienda system.Encomendero:The title given to a conquistador who was granted control over an encomiendaGalleon:A large sailing vessel of the 15th to the 17th centuries used as a fighting or merchant ship, square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and generally lateen-rigged on one or two after masts. Primarily used by the Spanish to transport goods (including gold) between their colonies in Central/South America and SpainClimate:The weather conditions in a given area Hierarchy:A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.Culture:The beliefs, customs, and traditions of a particular society. Evangelization:convert or seek to convert (someone) to ChristianityMestizo:A man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American IndianViceroy:A ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereignQuetzalcoatl:A chief Toltec and Aztec god identified with the wind and air and represented by a feathered serpent.Criollo:A person from Spanish South or Central America, especially one of pure Spanish descent.Tiano:A member of an extinct Arawak people formerly inhabiting the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas.Ethnicity:Belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.Colony:A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country. ................
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