Central Dogma of Biology DNA
[Pages:24]Central Dogma of Biology
Mostly only in viruses
DNA RNA
In all cells
Protein
Processes in the central dogma
(Mostly) RNA virus
DNA processes
Cellular processes Replication
Reverse transcription
Transcription
RNA replication
RNA
Translation
Protein
Enzymes in the central dogma
Cellular enzymes
DNA (Mostly) RNA virus enzymes
DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA
Ribosome
Protein
Genetic material is transferable between bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Griffith, 1928
Fig. 2.2
The genetic material is DNA
Heat killed S strain treated with:
- Phenol => still infectious
- Proteinase (trypsin, chymotrypsin) => still infectious
- UV light => no longer infectious
- RNase => still infectious - DNase => no longer infectious
Avery, MacLeod, McCarthy, 1944
=> Genetic material is DNA! Based on Fig. 2.2
The genetic material of bacteriophage T2 is DNA
Hershey, Chase, 1952
Fig. 2.4 Some viruses use RNA as genetic material (e.g. HIV, herpesviruses etc)!
Scrapie is an infectious brain disease in sheep (related to Kuru and CJD in humans and mad cow disease in cows).
Researchers isolated brain extracts from sick sheep and injected them into brains of hamsters, and observed the following: - Untreated brain extract => infectious - UV light treated => still infectious - RNase treated => still infectious - DNase treated => still infectious
- Phenol treated => no l-onCgleirciknfeerctiQouusestion -
- Proteinase (trypsin, chymotrypsin) treated => no longer infectious
What is the transforming material?
A: DNA
B: RNA
C: Protein
D: There is no transforming material
A nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a base
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