Www.njctl.org PSI Biology Evolution
Evolution
Adaptations
Classwork
1. Explain how the LUCA principle helps to explain the universal nature of the
genetic code.
2. What is an adaptation?
3. Explain how competition can help drive the process of evolution.
4. Suppose you are studying a population of bacteria in a lab. Some of the bacteria
are born with a mutation that provides them resistance to antibiotics. Explain
how competition in this population can lead to evolution and make a prediction of
how this evolution will occur.
Homework
5. Pick an animal and provide an example of an adaptation that makes it more fit for
its environment.
6. Explain why competition exists between individuals in a population, or between
individuals of different species.
7. Explain the relationship between the genetic code and the origin of evolutionary
adaptations.
Theories of Evolution
Classwork
8. Explain the error in Lamarck¡¯s theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.
9. What is epigenetics?
10. Explain why the Galapagos Islands proved to be an integral part of Darwin¡¯s
voyage.
11. What distinguishing feature exists between finches of the Galapagos Islands?
What environmental factor creates these differences?
12. Suppose you are studying big cats around the world. How can you use their
physical structures to study evolutionary relationships? What is the term for this
process?
13. Using Darwinian terminology, explain why a bird would possess wings that are
too small to allow it to fly.
14. Explain why, at one point in our embryonic development, human beings have gill
slits.
15. According to Darwin¡¯s theory of natural selection, what will happen to the
frequency of an allele that allows an organism to successfully compete for
resources in a population?
16. Why is rRNA an especially useful tool when analyzing evolutionary relationships
between organisms?
17. ¡®Modern Synthesis¡¯ combines the original work of what two revolutionary
scientists?
Homework
18. Explain how epigenetics proves that at least some of Lamarck¡¯s theory was
accurate.
19. Pick one of the organisms Darwin studied in the Galapagos and explain how it
helped him to develop his theory of evolution.
20. How is comparative anatomy useful in determining evolutionary relationships?
PSI Biology
Evolution
21. What is the evolutionary term used to describe the similarity between the
structure of a bat wing and a human arm? How is this used to explain evolution?
22. Provide an example of a vestigial structure in the human body. Explain,
evolutionarily, why this structure exists.
23. Explain, in evolutionary terms, why a fish, pig, chicken and human are virtually
indistinguishable during their early developmental stages? What is the study of
this process called?
24. Scientists during Darwin¡¯s era discovered that the Earth was many millions of
years old (not a few thousand, as previously though) and that the Earth is
constantly changing. How did this influence the development of Darwin¡¯s theory?
25. Briefly summarize the theory of natural selection.
26. What role might fossils have played in the development of Darwin¡¯s theory?
27. Suppose humans share roughly 98% of our DNA with chimpanzees, 92% with
mice and 44% with fruit flies. How would you use this information to help
determine evolutionary relationships?
Natural Selection and Speciation
Classwork
28. What is speciation?
29. Which traits in an environment would tend to be favored in stabilizing selection?
30. Would more diversity exist in an environment that favors directional selection or
disruptive selection?
31. Suppose two species of plants are physically capable of interbreeding and their
gametes are compatible, yet interbreeding cannot occur. Suggest a hypothesis
for how this situation could arise.
Homework
32. What is the difference between directional selection and stabilizing selection?
33. Explain how the process of behavioral isolation can lead to speciation.
34. What is temporal isolation?
35. Suppose you are working as a caretaker at a zoo that has successfully bred a
zebra with a giraffe, but the offspring itself is unable to reproduce. Provide an
explanation to zookeepers to potentially explain this scenario.
36. Suppose you are studying two populations of foxes that are of the same species,
but have become geographically isolated due to deforestation. Over a decade,
you suspect that the two populations may have evolved into separate species.
Explain how you could determine whether this is true.
Population Genetics
Classwork
37. Is a group of sparrows and blue jays living in the same forest an example of a
population? Why or why not?
38. Scientists often refer to a population that exhibits a high level of genetic variability
as being ¡®elastic¡¯ or ¡®flexible.¡¯ Explain why these terms are used in this context.
39. Can the Hardy-Weinberg Equation be used to analyze multiple populations at
one time? Why or why not?
40. Identify three things that using the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equation can be
used to determine about a population.
41. Suppose you are studying a population in which 16% of the individuals are
homozygous recessive (bb). Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the
frequency of the recessive allele in the population?
PSI Biology
Evolution
42. Referring to the question above, what is the frequency of heterozygous
individuals in the population?
43. Suppose you are studying a population of sunfish in which long dorsal fins (L) are
completely dominant over short dorsal fins. You find that the population consists
of exactly 30% short finned fish. Calculate the frequency of homozygous
dominant individuals in the population.
44. Referring to question above, what is the frequency of the recessive allele in this
population?
45. Why is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium model more of a theoretical process than
a truly concrete procedure?
46. According to the requirements for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, are humans
evolving? Why or why not?
Homework
47. What is the relationship that exists between genetic variability in a population and
ability to respond to environmental changes?
48. For what purpose do scientists utilize the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?
49. What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?
50. Suppose you are studying a population of squirrels in which gray hair is
completely dominant over black hair. The frequency of homozygous dominant
individuals in the population is 41%. What is the frequency of the dominant allele
in the population?
51. Referring to question #51, what is the frequency of heterozygous individuals in
the population?
52. Suppose a population contains 10% homozygous recessive individuals. Using
the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the frequency of the dominant allele in this
population?
53. Identify three of the factors that need to be met in order for the Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibrium Equation to be effectively utilized.
54. Utilizing the Hardy-Weinberg equation, how can scientists determine whether or
not a population is evolving?
Genetic Drift and Patterns of Macroevolution
Classwork
55. What is genetic drift?
56. Explain how genetic drift can reduce, or even eliminate variation from a
population.
57. Can genetic drift eliminate variation from a population where there was a
consistently changing set of environmental conditions? Explain your answer.
58. Suppose you are studying an isolated population of elk in Canada that is under
intense hunting pressure. Provide an explanation from a genetic standpoint why
strict hunting regulations should be enacted for this area. Be sure to use
appropriate vocabulary.
59. What is the ¡®Founder Effect?¡¯
60. Explain why it is important that populations maintain a certain degree of genetic
diversity.
61. Explain how is it possible that 99% of all species that have ever existed are now
extinct.
62. Using the finches of the Galapagos Islands, explain the process of adaptive
radiation.
PSI Biology
Evolution
63. Both cacti (North America) and a group of plants called euphorbs (Africa) have
developed adaptations for surviving drought-like conditions, but they are not
believed to be closely related. Explain how this could possibly occur and the
name for the process.
64. In western North America, there is a species of flowering plant that has an
exceptionally long, deep flower, as well as a species of moth that has an
exceptionally long tongue. Explain how evolutionary theory could likely explain
the seemingly coincidental occurrence of these two species.
65. Explain how a rapid environmental change could lead to punctuated equilibrium.
Homework
66. Does genetic drift tend to have a more drastic impact on large or small
populations? Explain your answer.
67. What effect does a population bottleneck have on the genetic diversity of a
population?
68. Explain why a group that has endured a population bottleneck may be more
vulnerable to disease in the future.
69. Suppose you are a marine biologist working to repopulate the Atlantic bluefin
tuna in the Gulf of Mexico after years of overfishing. Explain why it is important
that you choose a genetically diverse group of tuna for your repopulation. If you
failed to do this, what situation could possible occur?
70. Using what you know about genetic diversity, explain why consanguineous
marriages are frowned upon in most cultures.
71. Explain how population bottleneck and founder effect may contribute to the
extinction of a species.
72. Is extinction a natural process? Explain your answer.
73. What role does the environment play in the process of adaptive radiation?
74. Why do you think it is important to study evolution?
75. Suppose you are studying anteaters in Africa. You find that the anteaters have
developed uniquely long noses and the ants in the area have developed larger
jaws for digging deeper in the hard soil. Explain how the two adaptations could
be related.
76. What is the name of the process described in the above question?
Free Response
1. Darwin gathered evidence to posit his theory of evolution. One category of
evidence was comparative anatomy. Within this category he described
homologous structures. Respond to the prompts below based upon the evidence
of homologous structures.
a. Explain what is meant by homologous structures.
b. The image below shows the forearm of a crocodile as well as the forearm
of a mouse. What do we learn about organisms from comparing
homologous structures such as these?
ary/article/similarity_hs_10
PSI Biology
Evolution
2. Recall the central dogma of biology: ¡°The central dogma of molecular
biology states that biological information flows in only one direction, from DNA to
RNA to proteins.¡± Using this as our foundation, explain what we can learn, about
evolution, from the fact that organisms from bananas to primates to humans,
produce and utilize common polypeptides. (utilize the terms proteins,
transcription, translation)
3. Natural selection causes changes in populations. Below is a graph representing
one type of selection pressure. Respond to the prompts with this graph, and
what it represents, in mind.
a. What is the term used for this type of selection?
b. When does this type of selection occur?
y/evolution/naturalselection/sectio
n1.rhtml
c. Use the peppered moth information provided and the image below to
describe how the population changed over time (use the following
information: dark colored moths, light colored moths, coal and black soot)
2/evrim_teorisi/turlerin_evrimi_yala
ni/turlerin_evrimi_yalani9.htm
4. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using population and genetic information to
determine the possible evolution of a population. Respond to the following
prompts on the basis of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (as shown below): p2 +
2pq + q2 = 1
a. Blondes occur in 36% of a particular self- contained human population.
Calculate the frequency of the recessive allele.
b. Calculate the frequency of the dominant allele.
c. Calculate the frequency of the heterozygous genotype.
d. List two of the five conditions that must be met in order for a population to
meet the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
PSI Biology
Evolution
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