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Cerritos College A&P 150 Fall 2020Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide – October 19DIRECTIONS: Use the PowerPoints and the textbook (use this last if necessary) to answer these study guide questions. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Part 3SLIDE 2: Unfixed Brain Video:Describe the consistency of an “unfixed” (unpreserved) human brain when it’s in the human body.Based on what you can see in this video, is the brain highly vascularized? How do you know?SLIDE 3: Animation: What causes a concussion?Which types of activities can lead to concussions?What structure(s) are usually adequate to protect the brain?What happens to the brain when the head is suddenly “jolted”?How does this impact affect the neurons inside the brain?What is this combination of events called?What are the symptoms?Why doesn’t every person who experiences a concussion have exactly the same symptoms?Do most concussions heal on their own? How long does this normally take? What is needed for this recovery?Can a person sleep after a concussion? What complication are doctors more worried about in someone who has suffered a concussion?What is Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS)?What are the symptoms?How long can they last?What makes a person more likely to develop PCS?Why is a concussion difficult to diagnose?What is a sub-concussive impact? What can it lead to if it happens repeatedly?How can sub-concussive hits add up to measurable damage over time?What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)? How is it related to sub-concussive hits?What are the symptoms?When do these symptoms appear?How have the neurons in the brain been damaged on a cellular-level in a CTE patient?How many concussions are estimated to go unreported or untreated among football players?SLIDES 4-6: Know the major regions of the brain and brainstemHow are the major regions of the brain and brainstem defined?From which embryonic tissue does each region develop?What is/are the function(s) of each region?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________SLIDE 7: Video: General Brain Anatomy by Dr. Robert AclandWhat is the largest part of the brain?How is the cerebrum divided?Where is the cerebellum?What does the brainstem become continuous with inferiorly?What contains the brain?SLIDE 8: What are the 4 forms of protection for the brain?SLIDE 9: Video: Anatomy of the Cranium and Associated StructuresWhich part of the brain occupies the anterior cranial fossa?Which part of the brain occupies the middle cranial fossa?Which part of the brain occupies the posterior cranial fossa?What other part occupies the posterior cranial fossa?What lines the cranial cavity? What is this tissue continuous with (What else does it cover besides the brain?)What are the falx (cerebri) and the tentorium (cerebelli)? What are they made of? What is their function?SLIDES 10-11: What are the 4 functions of the cranial meninges?Be able to describe the layering of the cranial meninges. Which layer is most superficial? Which layer is deepest?SLIDE 12: Video: The Cranial MeningesWhat is a gyrus? What is a sulcus?What does the pia mater look like on the brain?How is the pia mater mater situated on the brain? What other structures does the pia form a “sleeve” around as they enter the brain?What does the arachnoid mater look like on the brain? Does it extend into the sulci?What does Dr. Acland inject water into?What is the point of the sub-arachnoid cisterns?How is the dura mater different from the other two meningeal layers?What is the dura mater most closely attached to?What kinds of structures run through the dura mater?SLIDE 19: What is CSF? What are its functions?What produces it?What does normal CSF look like?What does abnormal CSF look like?What could abnormal CSF contain?SLIDE 20: What is CSF rhinorrhea? What can cause it?SLIDE 21: Video: The Ventricles of the BrainWhat are ventricles?Where is each ventricle located?What are the ventricles filled with?SLIDE 22: Animation: Tutorial on the Ventricles of the BrainBe able to label the ventricles on an image from this tutorial.How do the ventricles connect to the spinal cord? What are the structures that connect?SLIDE 24: Animation: Tutorial on the Choroid PlexusWhere is the choroid plexus located in the brain?What system is the choroid plexus a part of? What does this system produce?Is the choroid plexus highly innervated? (Does it have a lot of nerves associated with it?)Which meningeal layer is the choroid plexus derived from?What are the 2 components of the choroid plexus? What tissue types are found in each component?What is the primary function of the choroid plexus? What “barrier” does it also play a role in?What spaces in the brain are lined by choroid plexus?Where does the choroid SLIDE 25: What is the blood-brain barrier?What is its purpose?What components make up the blood-brain barrier?What materials can get through the blood-brain barrier?What happens to the blood-brain barrier in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s?SLIDE 26: What is a “nucleus” in neuroanatomy?SLIDE 27: Video: The Cerebrum (and ventricles, too, I suppose!)What are the general functions of the cerebrum, as listed by Dr. Acland?What mainly forms the cerebrum? What is the name of the fissure that separates these two structures?How are the 2 cerebral hemispheres connected along the midline?How are he 2 cerebral hemispheres connected to the brainstem?Where is the lateral sulcus? What 2 lubes does it separate?What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?Be able to identify each of these lobes.Are all the ventricles connected?How does CSF flow form the 3rd ventricle get to into the 4th ventricle?How is the pituitary gland attached to the brain? Which bone does the pituitary gland “sit” in?SLIDES 28-49: Be able to match the parts of the cerebrum with their functions.Be able to locate each specific lobe, area, region, field or cortex mentioned on the cerebrum.SLIDES 36 & 48: What is aphasia?What is non-fluent aphasia? What parts of the brain are involved? Be able to recognize an example. What is fluent aphasia? What parts of the brain are involved? Be able to recognize an example. SLIDES 50-53: What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?What are the functions of each part?SLIDE 54: Video: The Hypothalamus and the Limbic System NOTE: Dr. Krebs point out a lot of specific brain structures in this video. It’s a great review, but you should only focus on the study questions below. Why is the hypothalamus important?Why is the limbic system important?Be able to locate the hypothalamus in the brain (on sagittal and coronal sections)How is the hypothalamus related to the pituitary gland?What is the hippocampus primarily involved in?What is the amygdala mostly responsible for?SLIDES 55-56: What is the limbic system?What are is functions?Why is it sometimes referred to as our “lizard brain”?What are the functions of the individual structures that make it up?SLIDES 57-63: What are the roles of the brainstem?What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?What are the functions associated with each part?Be able to located each part.SLIDE 64: What are the 3 partitions of the cerebellum?Be able to locate them.SLIDE 65: Video: The CerebellumWhat are the functions of the cerebellum?Where is the cerebellum located?What structure is located above (superior) to the cerebellum (between the occipital lobe and the cerebellum)?What is the vermis?What does the cerebellar peduncle attach to?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________SLIDES 66-69Where is the gray matter found in the brain, specifically the cerebrum? Why does it look gray?What does it contain?Where is the white matter found in the brain in relation to the gray matter? Why does it look white?Helpful Images17716505143500-6667573660121285311150032004001130300019050704850028854406604000-3810082550336551714501174751141095869950013201657112000-264160-635003444875212407500 ................
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