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Possible QuestionsFall Final Exam 20161.America's first psychologist and wrote the first American psychology textbook was:a. William Jamesb. Wilhelm Wundtc. B. F. Skinner2.In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William James sat quietly and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is calleda. introspection.b. retrospection.c. empiricism.3.The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts wasa. existential awareness.b. stream of consciousness.c. transcendental meditation.4.Sigmund Freud developed a procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he calleda. behavior modification.b. primal therapy.c. psychoanalysis.5.Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused bya. unrealistic demands from family and friends.b. personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level.c. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way.6.The first American psychologist who proposed that psychology should be based on the study of behavior and was responsible for the “Little Albert” experiment wasa. John B. Watson.b. Abraham Maslow.c. G. Stanley Hall.7.The psychological approach that studies only what people do is a. humanism.b. behaviorism.c. structuralism.8. A psychologist who studies how behavior changes due to age would probably be considered aa. physiological psychologist.b. developmental psychologist.c. social psychologist.9.Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is calleda) cognitive neuroscience. b) introspection. c) behaviorism. 10.A psychologist that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known asa) behavioristb) cognitivist c) developmentalist11.Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people'sa) geneticsb) intelligencec) potential for positive growth12.The neuroscience or biological approach in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced bya)where they are bornb)how they were raisedc)what chemicals are in their blood13.Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.A) neuroscience B) psychodynamic C) behavior genetics 14.Dr. Wilson believes that violent behaviors of many teens are due to the social pressure of being members of street gangs. She has a________ perspective.A) behavior genetics B) social-cultural C) neuroscience 15. The reticular formation controls: AngerExhaustionSleep16. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the A) autonomic nervous system.B) endocrine system.C) reticular formation 17. The part of the nerve cell specialized for conducting information is the a.axon.b.cell body.c.soma.18. The "emergency" part of the nervous system that prepares the body for "fight or flight" is the __________ branch. a.sympatheticb.parasympatheticc.central19. The chemicals released at an axon terminal are called a.axonic ions.b.neural facilitators.c.neurotransmitters.20. John has some paralysis and loss of sensation in his right side after a motorcycle accident. It is likely that there is brain damage in the a. cerebellum.b. left hemisphere. c. right hemisphere21. A patient who has suffered brain damage to the left hemisphere is likely toexperience diminished capacity fora.naming objects.b.recognizing faces.posing melodies.22. Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result ina.heart stoppage or respiratory failure.b.a loss of hearing ability.c.a loss of muscular coordination23. The part of the neuron that specializes in receiving messages from other neurons is thea.axon.b.myelin.c.dendrite.24. The limbic system is responsible fora.the control of hunger, thirst, and sex.b.executive functions.c.heartbeat and breathing regulation.25. The control centers for vital life functions like heart rate and breathing are found in thea.forebrain.b.medulla.c.pleasure center.26. Which of the following is most involved in the production of emotion?a.the occipital lobeb.the limbic systemc.the medulla27. An innovative scanning technique that uses magnetic technology to visualize brain activity is calleda.PET.b.MRI.c.CAT.28. The main function of the myelin sheath is toa.form a protective coating over nerve axons.b.affect the speed of nerve impulses.c.block the reception of acetylcholine.29. The visible portions of the outer brain are covered with a wrinkled layer of gray matter called thea.cerebral cortex.b.cerebellum.c.corpus callosum30. The Hind Brain (brainstem) consists mainly of thea.cerebellum and the cerebral cortex.b.cerebrum and the medulla.c.medulla and the cerebellum.1. The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined asa.consciousness.b.hypnosis.c.sensation.2. The idea that one's consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders characterizes William James's concept that consciousness isa.an incomplete picture puzzle.b.a partially submerged iceberg.c.a stream.3. The example of a new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm, but wakes up the minute their newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep, there isa.no awareness of external events.b.a selective awareness of external events.c.no awareness of either external or internal events. 4. The 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____ rhythms.a.circadianb.slow-wavec.rem5. Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?a.the pineal glandb.the pituitary glandc.the thyroid6. The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks isa.melatonin.b.cholecystokinin.c.serotonin.7. What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?a.amount of time spent sleepingb.amount of time spent awakec.exposure to light8. The paradox concerning REM sleep is whilea.it is a deep sleep; the person is easy to awaken.b.it is a deep sleep; the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual.c.the person is dreaming; his muscles are practically paralyzed.9. If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements you probably would report that you hada.a headache.b.been dreaming.c.not been dreaming.10. "Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably because he was dreaming about boot camp." What is WRONG with this statement?a.Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity.b.Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep.c.Research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep.11. Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the most dreaminga.toward the beginning of the night's sleep.b.in the middle of the night's sleep.c.toward the end of the night's sleep.12. Which of the following functions would MOST likely be impaired by damaging the reticular activating system?a.sleep-wake cycleb.visual sensory processingc.coordination of motor movement13. Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experiencea.impaired attention.b.impaired motor coordination.c.impaired attention, motor coordination, and decision making.14. The most common known sleep disorder isa.sleep apnea.b.night terrors.c.insomnia.15. Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is accurate?a.They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.b.They reduce the proportion of time spent in slow-wave sleep.c.They gradually become less effective with continued use.16. One hypothesis regarding the cause of crib death in babies is that they stop breathing during sleep, a sleep disorder known asa.narcolepsy.b.sleep apnea.c.night terror.17. Sara had been asleep for just over 2 hours when she suddenly let out a piercing cry and sat straight up in her bed. When her parents asked what had scared her, she couldn't remember and she soon fell back to sleep. From this description, it appears that Sara experienceda.an episode of sleep apnea.b.a night terror.c.REM deprivation.18. Iris has been asleep for less than an hour. Her parents are surprised when she walks into the living room, and they tell her to go back to sleep. The next day Iris does not remember getting up after she went to bed. From this description it appears that Iris experienceda.a night terror.b.somnambulism.c.a nightmare.19. The theorist who advanced the wish-fulfillment idea about dreaming wasa.Cartwright.b.Hobson.c.Freud.20. A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened sate of suggestibility is known as what?a.mesmerizationb.hypnosisc.hallucinations21. A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to asa.a hallucinogen.b.a narcotic.c.an amphetamine.22. Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingesteda.THC.b.an amphetamine.c.LSD.23. Maturation isa.The age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth.b.The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death.c.Development that reflects experience and learning.d.Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint.24. Gary is an active infant who always seems to be happy. He has a regular schedule, and his parents know that he will sleep through the night without waking, even when he stays overnight with his grandparents. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Gary would most likely be considered to havea.A difficult temperament.b.A slow-to-warm-up temperament.c.An uninhibited temperament.d.An easy temperament.25. Mikaela is a quiet infant who doesn't seem to smile a lot, but who also seldom cries. She seems cautious and wary of changes in her surroundings, but eventually she adapts to the change. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Mikaela would MOST likely be considered to havea.A difficult temperament.b.A slow-to-warm-up temperament.c.An easy temperament.d.An uninhibited temperament.26. Sarah is four month old, she actively resists change, has failed to develop a regular sleeping and eating schedule, and is generally irritable and unhappy, Sarah is BEST described as temperamentallya.Easy.b.Difficult.c.Slow to warm up.d.Mixed.27. The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is calleda.Attachment.b.Dependency.c.Imprinting.d.Identification.27. Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPTa.Greater curiosity.b.Better peer relationships.c.Higher levels of moral reasoning.d.More self-reliance.28. Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points calleda.Fixation points.b.Psychosocial crises.c.Developmental tasks.d.Psychosexual crises.29. A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined asa.Mediation.b.Maturation.c.Learning.d.Conditioning.30. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns toa.Sing a song.b.Tie shoe laces.c.Print letters.d.Fear the dark.31. In the 1930s learning that is influenced by stimuli that follow the response was christened "operant conditioning" bya.Ivan Pavlov.b.John Watson.c.B. F. Skinner.d.Edward Thorndike.32. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?a.approvalb.foodc.a toy for a childd.money33. The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is calleda.Stimulus discrimination.b.Selection.c.Shaping.d.Step-wise conditioning.1.The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance ofA)modeling.C)immediate reinforcement.B)respondent behavior.D)spontaneous recovery.2.A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is aA)positive reinforcer.C)positive punishment.B)negative reinforcer.D)negative punishment.3.Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value ofA)primary reinforcement.C)spontaneous recovery.B)classical conditioning.D)operant conditioning.4.A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.A)strengthensC)suppresses but does not eliminateB)eliminatesD)has an unpredictable effect on5.An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process ofA)latent learning.C)generalization.B)delayed reinforcement.D)spontaneous recovery.6.Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.A) shaping B) observational learning C) generalization D) delayed reinforcement7.The process of modeling is most closely associated withA)operant conditioning.C)spontaneous recovery.B)observational learning.D)classical conditioning.8.Who introduced the term behaviorism?A) Skinner B) Watson C) Bandura D) Pavlov9.After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.A) generalization B) negative reinforcement C) latent learning D) extinction10.Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?A)partial reinforcementC)generalizationB)spontaneous recoveryD)discrimination11.The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is calledA)generalization.C)shaping.B)intermittent reinforcement.D)secondary reinforcement.12.In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS wasA)the taste of food.C)the sound of a tone.B)salivation to the taste of food.D)salivation to the sound of a tone.13.If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is theA)ringing bell.C)food in the mouth.B)salivation to the ringing bell.D)salivation to the food in the mouth.14.John B. Watson emphasized thatA)learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated.B)unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition.C)both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US.D)learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.15.Pavlov is to ________ as Skinner is to ________.A)operant conditioning; classical conditioningB)latent learning; observational learningC)observational learning; operant conditioningD)respondent behavior; operant behavior ................
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