Brain Structure
Brain Structure | Function |Associated Signs and Symptoms | |
|Cerebral Cortex |The outermost layer of the cerebral | |
|[pic] |hemisphere which is composed of gray | |
|Ventral View ( From bottom) |matter. Cortices are asymmetrical. Both | |
| |hemispheres are able to analyze sensory | |
| |data, perform memory functions, learn new | |
| |information, form thoughts and make | |
| |decisions. | |
|Left Hemisphere |Sequential Analysis: systematic, logical | |
| |interpretation of information. | |
| |Interpretation and production of symbolic | |
| |information:language, mathematics, | |
| |abstraction and reasoning. Memory stored | |
| |in a language format. | |
|Right Hemisphere |Holistic Functioning: processing | |
| |multi-sensory input simultaneously to | |
| |provide "holistic" picture of one's | |
| |environment. Visual spatial skills. | |
| |Holistic functions such as dancing and | |
| |gymnastics are coordinated by the right | |
| |hemisphere. Memory is stored in auditory, | |
| |visual and spatial modalities. | |
|Corpus Callosum |Connects right and left hemisphere to |Damage to the Corpus Callosum may result in|
|[pic] |allow for communication between the |"Split Brain" syndrome. |
| |hemispheres. Forms roof of the lateral and| |
| |third ventricles. | |
|Frontal Lobe |Cognition and memory. |Impairment of recent memory, |
|[pic] |Prefrontal area: The ability to |inattentiveness, inability to concentrate, |
|Ventral View (From Bottom) |concentrate and attend, elaboration of |behavior disorders, difficulty in learning |
| |thought. The "Gatekeeper"; (judgment, |new information. Lack of inhibition |
|[pic] |inhibition). Personality and emotional |(inappropriate social and/or sexual |
|Side View |traits. |behavior). Emotional lability. "Flat" |
| |Movement: |affect. |
| |Motor Cortex (Brodman's): voluntary motor |Contralateral plegia, paresis. |
| |activity. |Expressive/motor aphasia. |
| |Premotor Cortex: storage of motor patterns| |
| |and voluntary activities. | |
| |Language: motor speech | |
| |[pic]Diagram | |
|Parietal Lobe |Processing of sensory input, sensory |Inability to discriminate between sensory |
| |discrimination. |stimuli. |
|[pic] | |Inability to locate and recognize parts of |
| |Body orientation. |the body (Neglect). |
| | |Severe Injury: Inability to recognize self.|
| |Primary/ secondary somatic area. | |
| | |Disorientation of environment space. |
| | |Inability to write. |
|Occipital Lobe |Primary visual reception area. |Primary Visual Cortex: loss of vision |
|[pic] | |opposite field. |
| |Primary visual association area: Allows |Visual Association Cortex: loss of ability |
| |for visual interpretation. |to recognize object seen in opposite field |
| | |of vision, "flash of light", "stars". |
|Temporal Lobe |Auditory receptive area and association |Hearing deficits. |
|[pic] |areas. |Agitation, irritability, childish behavior.|
| |Expressed behavior. | |
| |Language: Receptive speech. |Receptive/ sensory aphasia. |
| |Memory: Information retrieval. | |
|Limbic System |Olfactory pathways: |Loss of sense of smell. |
| |Amygdala and their different pathways. |Agitation, loss of control of emotion. Loss|
|[pic] |Hippocampi and their different pathways. |of recent memory. |
| |Limbic lobes: Sex, rage, fear; emotions. | |
| |Integration of recent memory, biological | |
| |rhythms. | |
| |Hypothalamus. | |
|Basal Ganglia |Subcortical gray matter nuclei. Processing|Movement disorders: chorea, tremors at rest|
|[pic] |link between thalamus and motor cortex. |and with initiation of movement, abnormal |
| |Initiation and direction of voluntary |increase in muscle tone, difficulty |
| |movement. Balance (inhibitory), Postural |initiating movement. |
| |reflexes. |Parkinson's. |
| |Part of extrapyramidal system: regulation | |
| |of automatic movement. | |
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