ACTA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS ŠAFARIKIANAE

ACTA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS SAFARIKIANAE 146 2021

______________________________________________________________________ Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Saf?rika v Kosiciach Filozofick? fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky

Basic Concepts of Morphology I.

Ren?ta Panocov?

Kosice 2021

ACTA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS SAFARIKIANAE 146 2021

__________________________________________________________________ Basic Concepts of Morphology I. Vysokoskolsk? ucebnica

Autorka: doc. Mgr. Ren?ta Panocov?, PhD. Filozofick? fakulta Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Saf?rika v Kosiciach

Recenzenti: prof. PhDr. Pavel Stekauer, DrSc., Filozofick? fakulta Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Saf?rika v Kosiciach

prof. Dr. Pius ten Hacken, Leopold-Franzens-Universit?t Innsbruck

Jazykov? korekt?ra: Andrew Billingham

T?to ucebnica je publikovan? pod licenciou CC BY NC ND - CC Attribution - NonCommercial -No-derivates 4.0 (,,Uvete p?vod - Nepouz?vajte komercne - Nespracov?vajte") Za odborn? a jazykov? str?nku ucebnice zodpoved? autorka.

Umiestnenie: unibook.upjs.sk Dostupn? od: 26.01.2021

ISBN 978-80-8152-959-7 (e-publik?cia)

TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures................................................................................................................... v Preface ............................................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 7 THE SCOPE AND PLACE OF MORPHOLOGY .......................................................... 7 1.1 The scope .................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 The place of morphology in European structuralism ................................................. 8 1.3 The place of morphology in American structuralism ................................................. 9 1.4 The place of morphology in generative grammar .................................................... 10 1.5 Morphology in relation to other language levels...................................................... 11 1.5.1 Morphological level and phonological level ......................................................... 11 1.5.2 Morphological level and lexical level ................................................................... 12 1.5.3 Morphological level and syntactic level ................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................... 14 SIGNS, WORDS AND MORPHEMES......................................................................... 14 2.1 Signs ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Words ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Morphemes ............................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................... 26 MORPHOLOGICAL MODELS .................................................................................... 26 3.1 Item-and-Arrangement ............................................................................................. 26 3.2 Item-and-Process ...................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Word-and-Paradigm ................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................... 32 INFLECTION AND DERIVATION ............................................................................. 32 4.1 Some prototypical examples..................................................................................... 32 4.2 The distinction as a challenge................................................................................... 34 4.3 Criteria for the distinction ........................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................... 42 INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES IN ENGLISH AND IN OTHER LANGUAGES ... 42 5.1 Types of inflection.................................................................................................... 42 5.2 Number ..................................................................................................................... 44

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5.3 Gender ...................................................................................................................... 45 5.4 Case .......................................................................................................................... 46 5.5 Tense......................................................................................................................... 48 5.6 Person ....................................................................................................................... 49 5.7 Aspect ....................................................................................................................... 49 5.8 Voice......................................................................................................................... 50 5.9 Mood......................................................................................................................... 50 5.10 Overview of inflection in English .......................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................... 53 WORD FORMATION PROCESSES ............................................................................ 53 6.1 Affixation ................................................................................................................. 53 6.2 Compounding ........................................................................................................... 57 6.2.1 Phonological criteria.............................................................................................. 59 6.2.2 Morphosyntactic criteria........................................................................................ 59 6.2.3 Semantic criteria .................................................................................................... 60 6.2.4 Classifications of compounds................................................................................ 60 6.3 Conversion................................................................................................................ 62 6.4 Backformation .......................................................................................................... 63 6.5 Blending ................................................................................................................... 64 6.6 Shortening................................................................................................................. 65 CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................................... 66 LEVEL-ORDERING THEORIES OF MORPHOLOGY .............................................. 66 7.1 What is level-ordering .............................................................................................. 66 7.2 Siegel's model .......................................................................................................... 67 7.3 Allen' s model .......................................................................................................... 71 7.4 Kiparsky's model...................................................................................................... 72 7.5 Problems with level-ordering ................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 8 ................................................................................................................... 76 MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY ............................................................................... 76 8.1 What is morphological typology .............................................................................. 76 8.2 Sapir's morphological types ..................................................................................... 78 8.3 Skalicka's morphological types................................................................................ 80 8.4 A comparison of English, Slovak and Hungarian .................................................... 82 8.4.1 Characteristic features of English as an isolating language .................................. 82

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