Chapter One Vocabulary - Winthrop Public Schools



Chapter One Vocabulary

Thomas Hobbes: Says that life in a state of nature is “nasty, brutish, and short”, people give up their freedoms to governments for protection, and therefore governments need to be strong.

John Locke: Believes in natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Governments exist to protect the natural rights of people, and if they do not, people can change that government.

Baron de Montesquieu: Separation of powers. In order to prevent government from becoming tyrannical, the power needs to be separated.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Believes that people are basically good but become corrupted by society. In an ideal society, people make their own laws and obey them willingly.

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Voltaire: A French author who used humor and sarcasm to criticize the government. 4

Denis Diderot: Produced the first encyclopedia. 6

Mary Wolstonecraft: An Enlightenment thinker who supported equality for women. 3

The Wealth of Nations: A book written by Adam Smith that advocated an economic system of free-market capitalism. 1

Free Market: The natural forces of supply and demand. 5

Laissez-faire: allows business to operate with little or no influence from the government. 2

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2.Natural laws: laws that govern human nature.

1.Social contract: An agreement by which people gave up their freedoms for an organized society.

4. Natural rights: Rights that belong to all humans from birth.

3.Philosophe: A group of Enlightenment thinkers who applied the methods of science to improve society.

5. Physiocrat: An Enlightenment thinker focused on economic reform.

Chapter One Section One

Review Questions

How did the success of the Scientific Revolution influence Enlightenment thinkers?

Philosophers saw the success of the scientists as they used reason to discover physical laws. They were confident that they could use reason to discover natural laws and influence society.

Describe the government favored by

A. Hobbes: An absolute monarchy that ensured an orderly and obedient society

B. Locke: A government that protects people’s natural rights, and had limited power.

How were the physiocrats different from mercantilists?

Physiocrats were in favor of lassiez-faire. Mercantilists favor acquiring gold and silver through trade. Physiocrats believe that society should use the land to produce wealth.

Section Two Vocabulary

Candide: a book written by Voltaire in which the hero travels across Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas in search of the best of all possible worlds. 5

Joseph II: The most radical of the enlightened despots. Joseph travels in disguise among the peasants, in an attempt to understand their problems. 7

Johann Sebastian Bach: A composer who wrote complex pieces of music for the organ and choirs. 2

George Frederick Handel: A composer who wrote such works as Water Music and the Messiah. 1

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: A brilliant musician who started composing at age 6. 3

Daniel Defoe: A famous English author who wrote the novel Robinson Crusoe.8

Salon: An informal social gathering at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas. 9

Enlightened Despot: Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change 6

Baroque: A grand ornate style of art and architecture 4

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Section Two Review Questions

(a) Describe three ways in which Enlightenment ideas spread. (b)Why did these ideas threaten the old order?

1. People read the works of Enlightenment thinkers.

2. Ideas were shared through discussion at Salons

3. Pamphlets were used to spread ideas of the Enlightenment.

(b) The old order was threatened because Enlightenment ideas suggested that reforms were needed to have a just society

What were the goals of the Enlightened Despots?

Frederick the Great: Religious Freedom.

Catherine the Great: To extend rights to nobles and end serfdom.

Joseph II: Grants religious freedom and opens government jobs to the middle class.

How did peasant life vary across Europe?

In Western Europe, serfdom had mostly disappeared. In central and Eastern Europe, serfdom remained. Peasants in western Europe were more prosperous than those in the East.

How did courtly tastes differ from middle-class tastes?

Courtly tastes tended toward the rococo style, which was personal, refined, elegant and charming. Middle class tastes tended toward art with no frills.

Chapter One Section Three

Vocabulary

Act of Union: A 1707 law that united England and Scotland into Great Britain.2

Tories: A conservative party made up of mostly land owning aristocrats who wanted to preserve older traditions7

Whigs: A more liberal political party that supported religious toleration, and the power of Parliament 6

Robert Walpole: A Whig leader who molded the Cabinet into a unified body 1

King George III: A British King who wants to reassert royal power. 4

Constitutional government: A government that is limited by law.3

Prime Minister: The leader of the majority party in Parliament.5

How did each of the following contribute to Britain’s rise to global prominence in the 1700s?

Geography: Britain’s island location was well suited to control trade with Europe.

Success in war: Military success led to Britain controlling lots of territory, and control of the slave trade.

Attitudes toward business and commerce: Britain’s government imposed fewer restrictions than other nations.

Who made up the ruling oligarchy in Britain?

The monarch, nobles, wealthy landowners, rich business leaders.

Chapter One Section Four vocabulary

Navigation Acts: Laws passed by Britain that regulated colonial trade.

Continental Congress: A group made up of colonial delegates who declared independence from Britain.

George Washington: The commander of the continental army, first President of the U.S.

Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence.

Battle of Saratoga: A Revolutionary War battle the Americans won, the turning point of the war.

Treaty of Paris: Ended the Revolutionary War

Bill of Rights: The first 10 amendments to the U.S. constitution, they guarantee individual freedoms.

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