Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Earthquakes
10.1 – How and Where Earthquakes Occur
Vocabulary:
Earthquake: The shaking of Earth’s crust caused by a release of energy. The cause of most earthquakes is the strain (pressure) that builds up along faults at or near boundaries between lithospheric plates.
Fault: A break in the lithosphere along which movement has occurred.
Focus: The point at which the first movement occurs during an earthquake
Epicenter: The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus
Body waves: Waves that travel from the focus of an earthquake through Earth
P waves: Primary/compressional waves that squeeze and stretch rock material as they pass through Earth. P waves can travel through any material – solid rock, magma, ocean water, even air
S waves: Shear waves/secondary waves cause particles of rock to material to move at right angles to the direction in which the waves are traveling. S waves can travel through solid material but not liquids or gases
Surface waves: Earthquake waves that travel along Earth’s surface. Love Waves and Rayleigh waves are two types of surface waves
Key Idea: Most earthquakes result from the release of stress that has built up at plate boundaries.
|Stress builds at faults |
|↓ |
|Plates shift/earthquake occurs |
|↓ |
|Body Waves |Surface Waves |
|↓ ↓ |↓ ↓ |
|S waves |P waves |Love waves |Rayleigh Waves |
S waves and Love waves are the waves that cause particles of materials to move at right angles to the direction of the waves.
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10.2- Locating and Measuring Earthquakes
Vocabulary:
Seismograph: An instrument that detects and records waves produced by earthquakes
Seismogram: The recording of an earthquake made by a seismograph
Magnitude: The measure of the amount of energy released in an earthquake
Key Idea: A seismograph is used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake and the location of the epicenter.
|Sesimograph |Things both have in common |Seismogram |
|The instrument consists of weight, pen, and|Both the seismograph and the seismogram are|The record sheet, indicates arrival time of|
|drum |used to detect earthquakes |each type of wave |
Why do we need seismograms from several locations in order to locate an earthquake’s epicenter?
A seismogram indicates only the distance from a station to the epicenter; therefore, the epicenter could be any point on a circle with that distance as a radius. By picking three (3) or more stations, and drawing a circle around each, scientists can locate the epicenter at the point where the three circles meet.
[pic]The time at
which a seismic wave arrives at a seismometer. The image to the right shows a seismogram with the P wave and S wave arrival times marked. According to this example, the P wave arrived at the recording device shortly after 11:43 AM and the S wave arrived shortly before 11:45 AM.
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10.3 – Earthquake Hazards
Vocabulary:
Liquefaction: A temporary state in which loose soil and rock materials take on the property of liquid, often as the result of severe ground shaking.
Aftershock: A smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake
Tsunami: A large ocean wave that results from an underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption
Seismic gap: An area along a seismically active fault where no earthquake activity has occurred over a long period of time.
Key Idea: The amount of damage an earthquake causes depends on its magnitude and where it occurs. Safe building practices can limit loss of life and damage to property.
|1.Type of earthquake damage |2. Preventing earthquake damage |
|Liquefaction more common on bogs and soft landfill |determining what factors make structures resist earthquake damage|
|Liquefaction can lead to foundation failure |revising building codes as in Japan |
|There can be up to 1000 aftershocks a day after a major | |
|earthquake | |
|Aftershocks can lead to ruptured gas lines and fires | |
|Tsunamis can cause massive destruction | |
|3. Areas of earthquake risk |4. Predicting earthquakes |
|regions lying at plate boundaries, such as California, Alaska. |predicting when, where, and what magnitude. |
|Places where many faults are buried beneath rock, such as New |Plotting earthquake activity along faults |
|Madrid, Mississippi |Identifying seismic gaps |
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Animation of tsunami caused by earthquake
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10.4 – Studying Earth’s Interior
Key Idea: Scientists use data from seismic waves to learn about the structure of Earth’s interior.
Difference between S waves and P waves:
S waves cannot travel through liquid Since S waves cannot pass through the outer core, scientists believe that the outer core is liquid.
P waves can travel through any matter which includes: solid rock, magma, ocean water, even air.
Shadow Zone:
This is the area where P waves are refracted and S waves cannot pass through the liquid outer core.
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University of Colorado / AP
A scientist studies the New Madrid seismic zone in Lake County, Tenn., in this undated photo. A new study of the area found that the faults in the zone have moved much less than expected -- a sign that the area may not generate any more earthquakes.
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