CHAPTER 10 LESSON 2 The Crusades Lesson 2 The Crusades - Mrs. Taylor

CHAPTER 10 LESSON 2 The Crusades

Lesson 2 The Crusades

BEFORE YOU READ

In the last section, you read about the power of the Catholic Church in Europe. In earlier lessons you read about the spread of Islam to parts of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe. In this lesson you will learn about the effects of contact between Christians and Muslims.

AS YOU READ

Draw a timeline like the one below and use it fill in events as you read Lesson 2.

1000

1400

TERMS & NAMES

? Seljuk Turk Muslim group that took control of Palestine from the Muslim Abbasids in the mid 1200s

? Crusades a series of religious wars by Christian armies to capture Palestine

? Saladin Muslim political and military leader; united Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and other parts of Southwest Asia; recaptured Jerusalem

? Reconquista the recapture of lands under Muslim control by Spain and Portugal

? Inquisition court held by the Church to punish people, especially Jews and Muslims, whose religious beliefs differed from Church teachings

CHAPTER 10

Copyright ? by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

Battle for Palestine

(pages 327?328)

Why did Christians want to conquer Palestine?

The Crusades took place from the 1000s to the 1300s. They were a series of religious wars by Christian armies to capture Palestine. Christian rulers from western Europe fought these wars to take Palestine from Muslim control. They wanted control of this area for religious and political reasons. European Christians thought of Palestine as a sacred site because of its connection to the life of Jesus. They called the area the Holy Land. This area is also sacred to Jews and Muslims.

Crusaders also went to war to help the Byzantine Empire. The Orthodox Christian rulers of the Byzantine Empire asked Catholic Christians in Europe for help in fighting the Seljuk Turks. At that time the Seljuk Turks

controlled Palestine. They threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine rulers turned to Catholic Europe for help in resisting this threat.

The First Crusade started in 1096. It began badly. European armies failed to take enough supplies. Tens of thousands died on the way. In Constantinople the Crusaders fought Muslim armies, winning control of a narrow strip of land along the Mediterranean. In 1099 they captured Jerusalem. Most of the Crusaders then returned to Europe. Those who stayed divided the land into four crusader states each ruled by a European noble.

1. Why did Christian leaders in Europe want to capture the Holy Land?

Chapter 10, Lesson 2 87

Reading Study Guide

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CHAPTER 10

READING STUDY GUIDE CONTINUED

Muslims Return to Power (pages 328?329) How successful were the Muslim armies after the First Crusade? The Second Crusade took place from 1147?1149. It began after Muslim Turks recaptured one of the Crusader states. This crusade ended in defeat for the Crusaders largely because the French and German armies failed to work together.

Until the late 1100s, other Crusader states remained under European control. Muslim armies failed to retake them because Muslims in Palestine and Egypt did not work together. By 1187, Saladin, a skilled military and political Muslim leader, had united Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and parts of Southwest Asia in a single state. Under his rule, Muslim armies took back much land lost during the First Crusade and recaptured Jerusalem.

News of Jerusalem's fall led Pope Gregory VIII to launch a Third Crusade (1189-1192). Crusaders failed to retake Jerusalem, but in 1192 the two sides agreed to stop fighting. Jerusalem remained under Muslim control, but Christians were allowed to visit the city's holy places.

2. What was Saladin's role in the Third Crusade?

Muslims Recapture Palestine (pages 329?331) How did the Crusades affect Europe? Europeans led five more crusades. None succeeded. When the last one ended in 1270, Muslims had complete control of Palestine.

The Crusades helped and hurt Europe. The Crusades led to greater trade between Asia and Europe. Crusaders brought back Asian goods such as spices, cloth, and new foods like sugar and lemons. Crusaders also returned with large sums of money. Trade and the flow of money helped towns grow.

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The Crusades weakened the feudal system. During the Crusades many feudal lords lost soldiers, money, and other resources. This weakened their power. Other national leaders like the king of France gained power.

The Crusades also caused new tensions between Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Crusaders murdered many Jews on their way to Palestine. Once there, they did the same to Muslims. Fear and hatred of Christians remained strong after the Crusades ended.

During the 700s, Muslims took control of the peninsula that includes Spain and Portugal. Under Muslim rule, Spain thrived. The mixing of Muslim and Jewish cultures led to great achievements in arts and science. By the 1000s, Muslim control began to weaken. Spanish and Portugal slowly fought to regain land under Muslim control. The Reconquista, or recapture of lands under Muslim control by Spain and Portugal, lasted almost 500 years. It ended in 1492. By then, Spanish rulers King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella had recaptured all lands under Muslim control.

Spain's rulers used their military and religious power to unite the Spanish people and end Muslim rule. Around 1480 they launched the Inquisition. This was a special court held by the Catholic Church to punish people, especially Jews and Muslims, who did not accept the Christian faith. Inquisition courts tortured and killed many Spanish Jews and Muslims. In 1492 Spanish armies drove out the last Muslim rulers. In that same year, Spain's ruler forced all Jews and Muslims to leave Spain.

3. How did the Crusades affect the economy and government of Europe and relations among religious groups?

Copyright ? by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company

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