Section1: Economic Growth (pages 306-311 in textbook)

[Pages:10]Chapter 10, Growth Expansion

Section1: Economic Growth (pages 306-311 in textbook):

1. How did people originally make products (goods)? Using hand tools they made goods or products in their homes or workshops.

2. What was the Industrial Revolution and where did it start? It started in Great Britain when people went from hand production methods to machines, it was characterized by the increasing use of steam power and water power, and the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. 3a.What industry first started using industrial techniques in Britain? Cloth making b. The machines ran on Water Power

4. Why did the Industrial Revolution spread to New England first? The soil was poor for farming was difficult. People were willing to try other things. New England had many rivers and streams, which could run the necessary machinery. It was also close to other resources, such as iron and coal in Pennsylvania, and had many ports.

5. Look at the picture on page 307 (Textile Mill). Based on the picture, at which stage of the textilemaking process would a loom have been used? Stage 3, the weaving stage.

6. What passed through New England ports? Cotton from southern states, finished cloth to export throughout the nation.

7. Capitalism is a system where: individuals put their capital, or money, into a business with hopes of making a profit.

8. Describe the system and major elements of free enterprise: people are free to buy, sell, produce whatever they want. They can work wherever they wish. Major elements are competition, profit, private property, economic freedom. Businesses have freedom to produce what is most profitable, Buyers also compete to find the best products for the lowest prices.

9a. What did inventions, such as the spinning jenny and water frame make possible? To make many steps in making cloth by machine b. What were some of the benefits of this? Saved time and money c. What did these machines need in order to operate? Mills near rivers

10a. What did Eli Whitney invent and what did it do? The Cotton Gin (or Cotton Engine), which was a machine that removed the seeds from cotton fiber. b. What was the advantage of his invention? Enabled 1 worker to clean the cotton of seeds as fast as 50 workers by hand.

11. What is a patent? A patent gives an inventor sole legal rights to his/her invention, and its profits for a certain period of time.

12. The British tried to keep the industrial revolution technologies a secret. How did British born Samuel Slater bring the technologies to America? He memorized the design of Arkwright's machines (the inventor), and then took over management of a mill in Rhode Island, where he duplicated Arkwright's machines.

13. What was the factory system? It was a system that brought manufacturing steps together under one roof, in order to increase efficiency.

14. What were interchangeable parts, and what were their advantages? They were identical machine parts that could quickly be put together to make a complete product. Because all the parts were alike, they could be manufactured with less skilled-labor, and made machine repair easier. It was also less costly.

15. How did the northern and southern areas of the USA come to use and depend on each other, economically speaking? With textiles (a type of woven fabric) developing with factories and mills in the north, the south, which was producing more and more cotton, could sell their cotton to the north. The north could then sell their finished product to the south.

16. What are corporations? Large businesses

17. Why were people encouraged to invest in these industries? Many hoped to earn profits, low taxes, few government regulations, and competition

18. What is stock? Shares, or ownership of a company

19. What was the complaint about the Second Bank of the United States by state banks and frontier people? Since the bank had the power to make large loans to businesses, they thought the rich and the powerful had a monopoly on big loans, and would use that power for their own

advantage. Strict interpreters of the constitution also believed that Congress did not have the power to make a such a bank.

20. According to the textbook, 92.8% of America was still rural by 1820. Cities could be dangerousthey were prone to fires, and the lack of sewers increased the cases of diseases such as cholera and yellow fever. Despite all these problems, why did some people still want to go to the cities? Cities and towns offered a variety of jobs and steady wages. Cities had libraries, museums, and shops, which were unavailable in the countryside.

Section 2 Westward Bound

In 1790, the first American census (counting of the population) took place. It revealed that there was 4 million people in the USA. Most of the population lived near the coast

By 1820, the population more than doubled to 10 million. As noted in previous chapters, many Americans went west for new opportunity, however travel to these new places was often difficult, dangerous, and very slow.

Example: a 363 mile trip from New York City to Buffalo could as long as 3 weeks. (In modern times in a car that same trip would take approximately 6 hours).

Americans want to make improvements in both land and water travel. Some of the improvements they made are described below:

1. Road and Turnpikes:

A) Private companies started building turnpikes, or toll roads. The fees to use the roads helped pay for construction.

B) While many roads were made of crushed stone, in particularly muddy areas, "corduroy roads," which were logs laid side by side, were used.

C) As early as 1803, Ohio asked the federal government to build a rod to connect it with the east. After the War of 1812 it was finally completed. Eventually this road, the National Road, which started in Maryland, extended past Ohio and into Illinois. The federal government funded the National Road because it viewed it as a military necessity; it did not take on other building projects.

2. River Travel:

A) If a river could be found where the current was going the way one wished, it was more comfortable than bumpy roads, and more goods could be transported more quickly.

B) The Two Drawbacks of River Use: going upstream was a difficult slow process, and in the eastern part of the states, most rivers flowed north to south- and not east to west- which was the direction most people and goods were headed.

C) To solve the upstream drawback: Although previous inventors made boats powered by steam in the 1780s/1790s, they could not withstand strong currents. This changed with Robert Fulton's improvements, and in 1807, his steamboat the Clermont successfully went from New York to Albany in 32 hours (previously, the best time, with sails, was 4 days).

D) Although noisy, steamboats brought about a new age of river travel, where passengers could sleep on bigger boats or take a stroll on a deck. Shipping became cheaper and faster. As a result, river cities, such as Cincinnati and St Louis grew quickly.

E) To solve the east to west drawback: New York business and government officials, led by DeWitt Clinton, to link New York City with the Great Lakes region by placing canals (artificial waterways) across New York state. This would connect the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie. Thousands of workers, most of them Irish immigrants, worked on the construction of the 363 mile Erie Canal.

F) Along the Erie Canal they built a series of locks-separate compartments where water levels were raised or lowered. Locks provided a way to raise of lower boats at places where canal height levels changed.

G) The canal was completed in two years, and opened in 1825- joining the East and the Midwest. At first steamboats were not used on the canal, because of the fear that the engines would do damage to the canal. Instead horses were used along side the canal to pull the cargo. A two-horse team could pull a 100 ton barge 24 miles in one day on the canal- which was much quicker than by wagon.

I) In the 1840s, the sides of the canal were reinforced for steamboat use. The success of the Erie Canal led to more canal building, and by 1850 the USA had more than 3,600 miles of canals.

J) Canals had many benefits: Canals lowered the costs of shipping goods, brought prosperity to the towns along their routes, and helped unite a growing country.

Brief Video of how canal locks work:



3. Western Settlement: Americans moved westward in waves; populations increased quickly.

A) The First wave came in the 1790s and led to the admission of 4 new states to the union by 1791: Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

B) The Second wave was between 1816 and 1821, and led to the admission of 5 new states: Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri.

C) At first most pioneers moved to locations close to rivers. As canals became more extent (the degree to which something has spread), more people lived in different locations.

D) People tended to settle areas from their home communities (Examples: Many from New England settled in Michigan; people from Kentucky and Tennessee settled in Indiana.

Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism

1. The Era of Good Feelings

A) A sense of national unity formed after the War of 1812. The Republican candidate President James Monroe won easily over the Federalists in the election of 1816, whose loyalty was doubted during the War of 1812.

B) Although the Federalist party almost disappeared, many of its programs gained support, such as: tariffs to protect industries and a National Bank. Political differences seemed to fade away, and a Boston Newspaper dubbed these years "The Era of Good Feelings."

C) President Monroe had been involved in politics since the American Revolution, and still wore breeches and powdered wigs- something that was no longer in fashion. Despite this, Monroe made a point of touring the nation and meeting with the people.

D) When traveling, he paid for his own expenses and went without an official escort. Since President Washington no had a president done this, and Monroe became immensely popular. He easily won reelection in 1820.

2. Sectionalism Grows

A) Unfortunately The Era of Good Feelings did not last long, because regional differences soon came to the surface.

B) Americans had a strong sense of sectionalism- or loyalty to the region to where they lived. They thought of themselves as Northerners, Southerners, or Westerners.

C) Soon different regions began to have conflicts over certain issues that had been there for a long time.

D) For example, the issue of slavery, which was evident during the time of the Declaration of Independence, became an increasingly bigger issue. With the increasing profits made from the Cotton Gin, the south believed that slavery was necessary to their economic survival. Northerners increasingly opposed it on moral grounds.

E) To protect the practice of slavery, southerners increasingly stressed the importance of states' rights, and grew wary (or cautious) of the federal government infringing (or breaking of) states' rights.

F) Other issues that regions disagreed upon were: tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements: which were federal, state, and private improvements to projects that would develop shipping and transportation, such as roads and canals.

3. Three Powerful Voices Emerge: In the early 1800s, influential and powerful voices emerged from each region:

A) John C. Calhoun: a southern planter and war hawk from South Carolina, he supported state sovereignty, which was the idea that states have independent (autonomous) power.

He also became a strong opponent of high tariffs. He argued that tariffs raised prices on things they could not produce themselves, and that the south was a victim of inefficient manufacturers that were protected by high tariffs.

B) Daniel Webster: was a northerner from New Hampshire who favored tariffs which he thought would strengthen the nation and help northern industries. He often spoke against sectionalism and state sovereignty, and for the nation as a whole.

He was an eloquent speaker, and once defended national interests by declaring liberty and Union now and forever, one and inseparable!"

C) Henry Clay: was a westerner from Kentucky who believed in solving national problems through compromise.

Sectional tension reached new heights over admitting new states to the Union- should they come in the Union as a slave or slave-free (or free) state? When it came Missouri's time for admittance, the south wanted it a slave state and the north wanted it a free one.

Henry Clary proposed what would be known as the Missouri Compromise: Missouri would come in as a slave state, and Maine, which was part of Massachusetts and applied for statehood, would come in as a free state. For the remainder of the Louisiana Territory, slavery would be banned north of the 36? 30 N Parallel.

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