Chapter 10 Vocabulary Terms



ESC 1000 Earth Science Name: __Answers___

Chapter 10: Mountain Building

Part K Chapter 10 Key Terms 29 Points

Fill in the blanks with the word or words that best fit the definition:

1. accretionary wedge– A large wedge shaped mass of sediment that accumulates in subduction zones. Here sediments is scraped from the subducting oceanic plate and accreted to the overriding crustal block

2. active continental margin– Usually narrow and consisting of highly deformed sediments. They occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the margin of a continent

3. anticline– A fold in sedimentary strata resembling an arch

4. basin– A circular downfolded structure.

5. brittle failure (brittle deformation)– Deformation that involves the fracturing of rock. Associated with rocks near the surface.

6. deformation – The process by which water vapor is changed directly to a solid without passing through the liquid state

7. dip-slip fault – A fault in which the movement is parallel to the fault.

8. dome– A roughly circular upfolded structure similar to an anticline

9. ductile deformation– A type of solid state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing . Occurs at depths where temperatures and confining pressures are high

10. fault– A break in a rock mass along which movement has occurred

11. fault-block mountains – A mountain formed by the displacement of rock along a fault

12. fault scarp– A cliff created by movement along a fault. I t represents the exposed surface of the fault prior to modification by weathering and erosion

13. fold - A bent rock layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed

14. graben - A valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded block

15. gravitational collapse – The gradual subsidence of mountains caused by lateral spreading of weak material located deep within these structures

16. horst – An elongate, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults

17. isostacy – The concept that Earth’s crust is floating in gravitational balance upon the material of the mantle.

18. isotatic adjustment – The process of establishing a new level of gravitational equilibrium

19. joint – A fracture in rock along which thee has been no movement

20. monocline - A one limbed flexure in strata. The strata are unusually flat-lying or very gently dipping on both sides of the monocline

21. normal fault – A fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below

22. orogenesis – The processes that collectively result in the formation of mountains

23. passive continental margin – Margins that consists of continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.

24. reverse fault – A fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below.

25. strike-slip fault - A fault along which the movement is horizontal

26. syncline – A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of anticline

27. terrane – A crustal block bounded by faults, whose geologic history is distinct from the histories of adjoining crustal blocks

28. thrust fault – A low-angle reverse fault

29. transform fault – A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates

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