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Name: ANSWERS_______________________________Period: _____________Homework Chapter 11-Fundamentals of the Nervous SystemDate: ______________Using your textbook, Chapter 11 pp388-429 and other outside sources. complete by _______________Organization of the Nervous System1. The nervous system is the master controlling and communication system of the body. Its cells communicate by electrical and chemical signals which are rapid and specific and cause almost immediate response.2. List and explain briefly the three overlapping functions of the nervous system:1. millions of sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body--sensory input2. processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment=integration3causes a response called motor output by activating effector organs3. Organization of the nervous system: Referring to page 389, draw your own simplified graphic organizer of the parts of the nervous system.4. Choose the words that best matches the following descriptions. A. Autonomic Nervous systemC. Peripheral Nervous systemB. Central Nervous systemD. Somatic Nervous systemB1. Nervous system division that is composed of brain and spinal cordD2. Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that controls voluntary activities like moving our hand.C3. Nervous system subdivision that consists of cranial and spinal nerves and gangliaA4. Subdivision of PNS that regulates heart and smooth muscle; involuntaryB5. Interprets incoming information and issues ordersHistology of Nervous Tissue5. Nervous tissue is highly cellular. Cells are densely packed and intertwined. There are two principal types of cells: neurons and supporting cells. In the following exercise, write true if the statement is true but if the statement is false, change the underlined word to make the statement true and write the correct word on the answer blank.TRUE1. Supporting cells in the nervous system are called neuroglia or simply gliaNeuroglia2. Neurons are highly mitotic and therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms (tumors).PNS3. Schwann cells and satellite cells are found only the CNSTRUE4. Ependymal cells line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and many have ciliaTRUE 5. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the CNS but Schwann cells produce myelin in the PNSMicroglia 6. Astrocytes engulf invading microorganisms and dead neural tissue.TRUE 7. Neurons have a high metabolic rate and cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygenAstrocytes8. Radiating processes of neurons cling to capillaries. TRUE 9. Astrocytes are the most abundant and versatile of the glial cells6. Match the anatomical term in Column B with the description of function in Column A.Column B A. AxonB. Axon TerminalC. Cell Body (soma)D. DendriteE. Myelin sheathF. Nissl bodiesColumn AB1. Releases neurotransmittersD2. Conducts information toward cell bodyE3. Increases the speed of impulse transmissionC4. location of nucleusA5. conducts information away from cell bodyC6. Most are located and protected within the CNSD7. Short, diffusely branched extensions from cell bodyA8. This process is sometimes referred to as a nerve fiberE9. Formed by Schwann cells in the PNSF10. Clustered ribosomes and rough ERE11. disappearance of patches of this results in multiple sclerosisC12. major biosynthetic center of a neuron7. List the three (3) special characteristics of neurons (p391)1. Extreme longevity-with good care can last a lifetime2. amitotic-cannot divide exceptions are olfactory and hippocampus3. exceptionally high metabolic rate; require continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucoseColumn B A. GanglionB. neurogliaC. neurotransmittersD. nerveE. nodes of RanvierF. nucleiG. SynapseH. stimuliI. Tract8. Match the term in Column B with the description in Column A.Column AG1. junction between two neuronsC2. Chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glandsE3. Gaps in the myelin sheathI4. Bundle of axons in the CNSA5. Collection of cell bodies found outside CNSF6. Collection of cell bodies found within CNSH7. Changes that activate the nervous systemD8. Bundle of axons in the PNS9. Use the charts on pages 396-7 to compare types of neurons.1. Structurally, neurons can be classified as multipolar, bipolar and unipolar.Which type is most abundant? multipolarWhich type is found in some sensory organs? bipolar2. Functionally, neurons can be classified as sensory(afferent) neurons, interneurons or association neurons, and motor(efferent) neurons .Label the type of functional neuron in the boxNeurophysiologyBasic principles of electricity. Read pages 397-399 and then complete the following paragraph.electricalchemicalgatedleaky or passiveproteinsplasma membranevoltageionsI= V/Rohm'smechanically gated 11.11. Place an X in front of all descriptions that apply to a resting membrane in a neuron. See page 399X1. Inside is negative relative to outside_____2. Outside is negative relative to inside_____3. Cytoplasm contains more Na+ and less K+ than extracellular fluidX4. Cytoplasm contains more K+ and less Na+ than extracellular fluidX5. a charge separation exists at the membrane.X6. electrochemical gradient for movement of Na+ across the membrane is greater than that for K+_____7. electrochemical gradient for movement of K+ across the membrane is greater than that for Na+_____8. The membrane is more permeable to sodium than potassiumX9. The membrane is more permeable to potassium than sodium12. Graph following data; Label with the following terms: absolute refractory period, action potential, depolarization, graded potential, hyperpolarization, relative refractory period, repolarization, resting membrane potentialaction potentialgraded potentialrelative refractory periodabsolute refractory periodResting membrane potentialhyperpolarizationdepolarizationResting membrane potentialrepolarization.2Time (ms)13. Select a term from the group below that matches the definition of the statements. p400-406A. Absolute refractory periodB. Action potentialC. DepolarizationD. Frequency of impulsesE. graded potentialF. hyperpolarizationG. PolarizedH. RepolarizationI. SubthresholdJ. Relative refractory periodK. sodium-potassium pumpL. threshold J1. Corresponds to the period of repolarization of neuronC2. Process by which resting potential is decreased as Na+ move into axonG3. State of an unstimulated neuron membraneH4. Period(event) during which K+ move out of axonB5. Also called nerve impulseL6. Point at which an axon "fires"A7. period when a neuron cannot be restimulatd because its sodium gates are open and an action potential is being generatedK8. Mechanism by which, using ATP, Na+ are moved out of the cell and K+ move in; restores resting conditionI9. Term for a weak stimulusB10. Self-propagated depolarizationD11. codes for intensity of the stimulusL12. Membrane potential at which the outward current carried by K+ is equal to the inward current carried by Na+F13. A voltage change that reduces the ability of a neuron to conduct an impulse; membrane potential becomes more negativeE14. A local change in membrane potential in which the current flow is quickly dissipated; decrementalB15. An all or none electrical eventC16. A voltage change that brings a neuron closer to its threshold for firing; the membrane potential becomes less negative and moves toward 0B17. Results from the opening of voltage regulated ionic gatesE18. Results from the opening of chemically regulated gates or energetic stimuliB19. Characterized by rapid polarity reversalB20. Do NOT decrease in strength with distance.Events at chemical synapse1. arrival of action potential or nerve impulse at axon terminal opens calcium ion channels and allows influx of Ca+2 into axon terminal2. synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft (gap)3. neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on postsynaptic membrane4. binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels in postsynaptic membrane resulting in graded potentials; if threshold is reached an action potential results5. neurotransmitter is quickly destroyed by enzymes in synapse or taken back into axon terminal; depletion of neurotransmitter results in ion channels closing and depolarization endingPhases of Action Potential ................
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