Psychology of Eating - Pearson

[Pages:12]Psychology of Eating

Neil Rowland

University of Florida

Emily Crews Splane

Flagler College

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rowland, Neil. Psychology of eating/Neil Rowland, University of Florida, Emily Splane,

Flagler College.--First Edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-85263-5 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-85263-7 (alk. paper) 1. Food habits--Psychological aspects. 2. Nutrition--Psychological aspects. 3. Nutrition policy.

I.Splane, Emily. II.Title. TX357.R795 2013 394.1'2--dc23 2013018169

10987654321

ISBN-10: 0-205-85263-7 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-85263-5

Brief Contents

Chapter 1

Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13

Psychology of Eating: The Nexus of Nutrition, Brain, and Behavior1 Macronutrients and the Food We Eat12 The Chemical Senses27 You are What You Eat: Evolution, Energy, and Foraging45 Basic Learning Processes and Eating Behavior60 The Development of Eating Behaviors76 Social Influences on Eating96 Mood and Food, Cravings, and Addiction107 Hunger, Satiety, and the Brain122 Eating Disorders and Treatment138 Genes, Epigenetics, and Obesity155 Treatments for Obesity168 Where Do We Go from Here?180

iii

Contents

Prefacexi

Chapter 1 Psychology of Eating: The Nexus of Nutrition, Brain, and Behavior 1 Introduction1 What Is the Goal of Eating?3

Talking Point 1.1 4 Talking Point 1.2 6 What Is the Definition of Obesity?6 Do the Math 7 Biomedical or Environmental or Both?9

Do the math BMI calculation 10 ? Glossary 10 ? References 11

Chapter 2 Macronutrients and the Food We Eat 12 Macronutrient Classes12 Carbohydrates14

Talking Point 2.1 14 Proteins15 Talking Point 2.2 16 Fats17 Nutrition Facts and Food Labels18 Talking Point 2.3 18 Do the Math 19 Micronutrients19 Salts19 Sodium and Sodium Appetite20 Talking Point 2.4 21 Vitamins21 Energy Balance21 Energy Input21 Energy Output22 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)23 Activity: Metabolic Cost of Exercise23 Talking Point 2.5 23

Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)24 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 24 ? Do the math energy calculation 24 ? Glossary 24 ? References26

Chapter 3 The Chemical Senses27 Olfaction: The Sense of Smell28

Odorants and Receptors28 Talking Point 3.1 28 Projections to the Brain30 BOX 3.1: Do You Smell What I Smell or

Your Dog Smells? 31

Anosmia31 Talking Point 3.2 32 Gustation: The Sense of Taste32

GPCR Taste Receptors: Sweet, Umami, and Bitter33 BOX 3.2: Taste Bud Turnover 34 Ionotropic Taste Receptors: Salty and Sour34

Other Tastes34 Talking Point 3.3 35 Taste Coding in Higher Brain Regions35

Flavor35 BOX 3.3: So You Think You Can

Taste?36

Taste- or Flavor-Guided Behaviors36

Stimulus Presentation36

Innate or Learned36 Talking Point 3.4 37 Palatability37

Chemical Sensing and the Enteric Nervous System38

Talking Point 3.5 39

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Gut Hormones That Affect Food Intake39

BOX 3.4:What's the Evidence That Cck Is an Anorectic Agent 39

Insulin40 BOX 3.5: Diabetes40

Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take time to answer these chapter questions 41 ? Glossary 41 ? References43

Chapter 4 You are What You Eat: Evolution, Energy, and Foraging45 Ancestors and Evolution45

Talking Point 4.1 47

Energy48 Talking Point 4.2 48

Optimal Foraging49 Do the Math 50 Talking Point 4.3 51

Economics of Food51

Unit Price and Access Cost52

Meal-Defining Criteria53 Talking Point 4.4 53 Talking Point 4.5 54

Portion Size54

Economics and humans56 Talking Point 4.6 56 Talking Point 4.7 57

Concluding Remarks58 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 58 ? Answers to Do the Math 58 ? Glossary 58 ? References59

Chapter 5 Basic Learning Processes and Eating Behavior60 Overview of Classical Conditioning and Terminology60

Learning of Post-Ingestive Consequences: Taste Aversions and Preferences62

Taste and Food Aversions62

Learning of Food by Experience: Increasing Preferences63

Medicine Effect63

Mere Exposure64 BOX 5.1:Do Food Preferences of Babies

Increase with Exposures? 65

Flavor-Flavor Associative Learning65 Talking Point 5.1 66

Flavor-Nutrient Associative Learning66 BOX 5.2:Can Flavor-Flavor Learning

Happen Easily? 66 BOX 5.3: Do Animals Learn Associations

Between Flavors and Nutrients?67 Talking Point 5.2 68

Learning of Appropriate Food Quantity: Conditioned Satiety68

BOX 5.4:How Do Rats Know When It's Mealtime?69

Learning of When to Eat: Conditioned Hunger69

BOX 5.5: Do Food Cues Trigger Eating Even in Absence of Hunger? 69

Influence of Learned Contextual Cues70 Talking Point 5.3 71

Conditioned Immune System Activity71

Neurobiology of Food Learning71 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 73 ? Glossary 73 ? References74

Chapter 6 The Development of Eating Behaviors 76

The Ontogeny of Human Feeding: Prenatal Experience76

BOX 6.1: What's the Evidence? 71 BOX 6.2: Can Babies Taste and Smell

Before Birth? 79

Early Postnatal Eating: From Suckling to Eating Solid Foods79

Breast versus Bottle (Formula) Feeding80 BOX 6.3: Does Exposure Affect Intake 81 Adding Solid Foods to the Diet82

Not Needing a Bottle, but Still Needing Guidance: Eating in Early Childhood83

Can Infants and Young Children SelfRegulate Energy Needs?83

Experimental Studies of Caloric Regulation84 Talking Point 6.1 85 BOX 6.4: Do Children Recognize

Calories?85 Talking Point 6.2 86 External Influences on Children's Eating: Disruptions in Energy Self-Regulation86

Parenting Styles, Attitudes, and Weights86 Talking Point 6.3 87 Social Influences88

Food Availability and Portion Sizes89

Media89 Talking Point 6.4 90 Implications for Instilling Healthy Eating Habits in Children90 Talking Point 6.5 91

Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 92 ? Glossary 92 ? References92

Chapter 7 Social Influences on Eating96 Cuisine96

Determinants of Cuisine98 Talking Point 7.1 99 Talking Point 7.2 101 Direct versus Indirect Influences101

Indirect Influences101

Contents vii

Direct Influences of Others102 Talking Point 7.3 103 Why Do We Eat Previously Disliked Foods?103 Food Associations with the Provider104 BOX 7.1:Are We Neurologically Affected

By Labels?104 Concluding Remarks105

Glossary 105 ? References 105

Chapter 8 Mood and Food, Cravings, and Addiction 107 The Mood-Food Connection107

Talking Point 8.1 108 A Biological Explanation for Carbohydrate (Sugar) Craving?108 Stress and Eating109 Talking Point 8.2 109 Talking Point 8.3 110 Food Cravings110 Talking Point 8.4 111 Is Chocolate Special?111 Psychological and Sociocultural Explanations for Chocolate Craving112 Talking Point 8.5 113 Can Someone Actually be a "Food Addict"?113 Talking Point 8.6 114 Neurobiology of Food Addiction115 BOX 8.1: Does Weight Affect Brain

Reactivity to Food Cues? 117

Concluding Remarks 118 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 119 ? Glossary 119 ? References120

Chapter 9 Hunger, Satiety, and the Brain 122 Central Origin of Hunger122 Allostasis123

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BOX 9.1: What's the Evidence? Origins of Hunger or Satiation 123

Talking Point 9.1 125

Hypothalamus, Transmitters, and Feeding125

BOX 9.2: What's the Evidence? Spotlight on Npy and Agrp as a Feeding Peptides127

Meals127 Talking Point 9.2 128 BOX 9.3: Food for Thought: This is (or was)

Your Brain on Fat! 129 Talking Point 9.3 129

Estrogens130 Talking Point 9.4 130

Reward and Decision Making131 BOX 9.4: What's the Evidence? The Mesolimbic System is Activated by Food 132 BOX 9.5: What's the Evidence? Interaction of Reward Systems and Energy Regulation133 Talking Point 9.5 133 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 134 ? Glossary 134 ? References 135

Chapter 10 Eating Disorders and Treatment138

Anorexia Nervosa139

Katie139 BOX 10.1 How Can Body Perception Be

Measured?140

Medical Problems Associated with AN141

Bulimia Nervosa142

Medical Problems Associated with BN142

Andrea143

Risk Factors for Eating Disorders143

Biopsychosocial Explanations of Eating Disorders144

Biological Factors145 Talking Point 10.1 145 Psychological Factors146

Sociocultural Factors147

Treatments147

Is Treatment Effective?148

Animal Models of Anorexia and Bulimia149

Concluding Remarks 150 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 151 ? Glossary 151 ? References 151

Chapter 11 Genes, Epigenetics, and Obesity 155 Monogenic Obesity156

BOX 11.1: What's the Evidence? Mutant Mice and the Lipostatic Hypothesis158

Polygenic Obesity159 Do the Math: Genes and Obesity 159 BOX 11.2: Gene Therapy 162 Epigenetics and Developmental Programming162

Dietary Obesity163 Talking Point 11.1 164 Answers to Do the Math 166 ? Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 166 ? Glossary 166 ? References 167

Chapter 12 Treatments for Obesity168 Anti-Obesity Drugs168

Drugs That Reduce Energy Intake168

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