Psychology of Eating - Pearson
[Pages:12]Psychology of Eating
Neil Rowland
University of Florida
Emily Crews Splane
Flagler College
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rowland, Neil. Psychology of eating/Neil Rowland, University of Florida, Emily Splane,
Flagler College.--First Edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-85263-5 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-85263-7 (alk. paper) 1. Food habits--Psychological aspects. 2. Nutrition--Psychological aspects. 3. Nutrition policy.
I.Splane, Emily. II.Title. TX357.R795 2013 394.1'2--dc23 2013018169
10987654321
ISBN-10: 0-205-85263-7 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-85263-5
Brief Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13
Psychology of Eating: The Nexus of Nutrition, Brain, and Behavior1 Macronutrients and the Food We Eat12 The Chemical Senses27 You are What You Eat: Evolution, Energy, and Foraging45 Basic Learning Processes and Eating Behavior60 The Development of Eating Behaviors76 Social Influences on Eating96 Mood and Food, Cravings, and Addiction107 Hunger, Satiety, and the Brain122 Eating Disorders and Treatment138 Genes, Epigenetics, and Obesity155 Treatments for Obesity168 Where Do We Go from Here?180
iii
Contents
Prefacexi
Chapter 1 Psychology of Eating: The Nexus of Nutrition, Brain, and Behavior 1 Introduction1 What Is the Goal of Eating?3
Talking Point 1.1 4 Talking Point 1.2 6 What Is the Definition of Obesity?6 Do the Math 7 Biomedical or Environmental or Both?9
Do the math BMI calculation 10 ? Glossary 10 ? References 11
Chapter 2 Macronutrients and the Food We Eat 12 Macronutrient Classes12 Carbohydrates14
Talking Point 2.1 14 Proteins15 Talking Point 2.2 16 Fats17 Nutrition Facts and Food Labels18 Talking Point 2.3 18 Do the Math 19 Micronutrients19 Salts19 Sodium and Sodium Appetite20 Talking Point 2.4 21 Vitamins21 Energy Balance21 Energy Input21 Energy Output22 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)23 Activity: Metabolic Cost of Exercise23 Talking Point 2.5 23
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)24 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 24 ? Do the math energy calculation 24 ? Glossary 24 ? References26
Chapter 3 The Chemical Senses27 Olfaction: The Sense of Smell28
Odorants and Receptors28 Talking Point 3.1 28 Projections to the Brain30 BOX 3.1: Do You Smell What I Smell or
Your Dog Smells? 31
Anosmia31 Talking Point 3.2 32 Gustation: The Sense of Taste32
GPCR Taste Receptors: Sweet, Umami, and Bitter33 BOX 3.2: Taste Bud Turnover 34 Ionotropic Taste Receptors: Salty and Sour34
Other Tastes34 Talking Point 3.3 35 Taste Coding in Higher Brain Regions35
Flavor35 BOX 3.3: So You Think You Can
Taste?36
Taste- or Flavor-Guided Behaviors36
Stimulus Presentation36
Innate or Learned36 Talking Point 3.4 37 Palatability37
Chemical Sensing and the Enteric Nervous System38
Talking Point 3.5 39
v
vi Contents
Gut Hormones That Affect Food Intake39
BOX 3.4:What's the Evidence That Cck Is an Anorectic Agent 39
Insulin40 BOX 3.5: Diabetes40
Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take time to answer these chapter questions 41 ? Glossary 41 ? References43
Chapter 4 You are What You Eat: Evolution, Energy, and Foraging45 Ancestors and Evolution45
Talking Point 4.1 47
Energy48 Talking Point 4.2 48
Optimal Foraging49 Do the Math 50 Talking Point 4.3 51
Economics of Food51
Unit Price and Access Cost52
Meal-Defining Criteria53 Talking Point 4.4 53 Talking Point 4.5 54
Portion Size54
Economics and humans56 Talking Point 4.6 56 Talking Point 4.7 57
Concluding Remarks58 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 58 ? Answers to Do the Math 58 ? Glossary 58 ? References59
Chapter 5 Basic Learning Processes and Eating Behavior60 Overview of Classical Conditioning and Terminology60
Learning of Post-Ingestive Consequences: Taste Aversions and Preferences62
Taste and Food Aversions62
Learning of Food by Experience: Increasing Preferences63
Medicine Effect63
Mere Exposure64 BOX 5.1:Do Food Preferences of Babies
Increase with Exposures? 65
Flavor-Flavor Associative Learning65 Talking Point 5.1 66
Flavor-Nutrient Associative Learning66 BOX 5.2:Can Flavor-Flavor Learning
Happen Easily? 66 BOX 5.3: Do Animals Learn Associations
Between Flavors and Nutrients?67 Talking Point 5.2 68
Learning of Appropriate Food Quantity: Conditioned Satiety68
BOX 5.4:How Do Rats Know When It's Mealtime?69
Learning of When to Eat: Conditioned Hunger69
BOX 5.5: Do Food Cues Trigger Eating Even in Absence of Hunger? 69
Influence of Learned Contextual Cues70 Talking Point 5.3 71
Conditioned Immune System Activity71
Neurobiology of Food Learning71 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 73 ? Glossary 73 ? References74
Chapter 6 The Development of Eating Behaviors 76
The Ontogeny of Human Feeding: Prenatal Experience76
BOX 6.1: What's the Evidence? 71 BOX 6.2: Can Babies Taste and Smell
Before Birth? 79
Early Postnatal Eating: From Suckling to Eating Solid Foods79
Breast versus Bottle (Formula) Feeding80 BOX 6.3: Does Exposure Affect Intake 81 Adding Solid Foods to the Diet82
Not Needing a Bottle, but Still Needing Guidance: Eating in Early Childhood83
Can Infants and Young Children SelfRegulate Energy Needs?83
Experimental Studies of Caloric Regulation84 Talking Point 6.1 85 BOX 6.4: Do Children Recognize
Calories?85 Talking Point 6.2 86 External Influences on Children's Eating: Disruptions in Energy Self-Regulation86
Parenting Styles, Attitudes, and Weights86 Talking Point 6.3 87 Social Influences88
Food Availability and Portion Sizes89
Media89 Talking Point 6.4 90 Implications for Instilling Healthy Eating Habits in Children90 Talking Point 6.5 91
Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 92 ? Glossary 92 ? References92
Chapter 7 Social Influences on Eating96 Cuisine96
Determinants of Cuisine98 Talking Point 7.1 99 Talking Point 7.2 101 Direct versus Indirect Influences101
Indirect Influences101
Contents vii
Direct Influences of Others102 Talking Point 7.3 103 Why Do We Eat Previously Disliked Foods?103 Food Associations with the Provider104 BOX 7.1:Are We Neurologically Affected
By Labels?104 Concluding Remarks105
Glossary 105 ? References 105
Chapter 8 Mood and Food, Cravings, and Addiction 107 The Mood-Food Connection107
Talking Point 8.1 108 A Biological Explanation for Carbohydrate (Sugar) Craving?108 Stress and Eating109 Talking Point 8.2 109 Talking Point 8.3 110 Food Cravings110 Talking Point 8.4 111 Is Chocolate Special?111 Psychological and Sociocultural Explanations for Chocolate Craving112 Talking Point 8.5 113 Can Someone Actually be a "Food Addict"?113 Talking Point 8.6 114 Neurobiology of Food Addiction115 BOX 8.1: Does Weight Affect Brain
Reactivity to Food Cues? 117
Concluding Remarks 118 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 119 ? Glossary 119 ? References120
Chapter 9 Hunger, Satiety, and the Brain 122 Central Origin of Hunger122 Allostasis123
viii Contents
BOX 9.1: What's the Evidence? Origins of Hunger or Satiation 123
Talking Point 9.1 125
Hypothalamus, Transmitters, and Feeding125
BOX 9.2: What's the Evidence? Spotlight on Npy and Agrp as a Feeding Peptides127
Meals127 Talking Point 9.2 128 BOX 9.3: Food for Thought: This is (or was)
Your Brain on Fat! 129 Talking Point 9.3 129
Estrogens130 Talking Point 9.4 130
Reward and Decision Making131 BOX 9.4: What's the Evidence? The Mesolimbic System is Activated by Food 132 BOX 9.5: What's the Evidence? Interaction of Reward Systems and Energy Regulation133 Talking Point 9.5 133 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 134 ? Glossary 134 ? References 135
Chapter 10 Eating Disorders and Treatment138
Anorexia Nervosa139
Katie139 BOX 10.1 How Can Body Perception Be
Measured?140
Medical Problems Associated with AN141
Bulimia Nervosa142
Medical Problems Associated with BN142
Andrea143
Risk Factors for Eating Disorders143
Biopsychosocial Explanations of Eating Disorders144
Biological Factors145 Talking Point 10.1 145 Psychological Factors146
Sociocultural Factors147
Treatments147
Is Treatment Effective?148
Animal Models of Anorexia and Bulimia149
Concluding Remarks 150 Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 151 ? Glossary 151 ? References 151
Chapter 11 Genes, Epigenetics, and Obesity 155 Monogenic Obesity156
BOX 11.1: What's the Evidence? Mutant Mice and the Lipostatic Hypothesis158
Polygenic Obesity159 Do the Math: Genes and Obesity 159 BOX 11.2: Gene Therapy 162 Epigenetics and Developmental Programming162
Dietary Obesity163 Talking Point 11.1 164 Answers to Do the Math 166 ? Let's review and apply your knowledge. Take some time to answer these chapter questions 166 ? Glossary 166 ? References 167
Chapter 12 Treatments for Obesity168 Anti-Obesity Drugs168
Drugs That Reduce Energy Intake168
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