Motivation and Emotion - potentiality

Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 9

Motivation and Emotion

I.

What is Motivation

II.

How Does Motivation Affect Behavior?

III. What is Emotion?

IV. How Does Emotion Affect Behavior?

What is Motivation?

A condition that initiates, activates, or maintains

an organism¡¯s goal-directed behavior.

¨C Usually an internal condition

? Can not be directly observed

¨C Inferred from external behaviors

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Theories of Motivation

Evolutionary

? Behavior is motivated by instincts

¨C Fixed behavioral patterns

¨C Occur throughout a species

¨C Inborn, rather than learned

? Humans have more instincts than other

animals

Evolutionary Theories

Motivation and emotion are inseparable

Motivation pushes us towards a number of

behaviors (goals)

Emotion sets priorities for behaviors

Behaviors that result in pleasure or pain will be

motivating

? Feelings relate to survival

? Evolutionary psychologists focus on

universal motivations and emotions

Drive Theory

Assumes an organism is motivated to act

because of a need to attain, maintain, or

reestablish a goal

A drive is an internal aroused condition

? Directs an organism to satisfy a need

¨C A state of physiological imbalance

? Usually accompanied by arousal

? An organism motivated by a need is in a

drive state

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Drive Theory

The ultimate goal is homeostasis

Maintenance of a constant state of internal

balance (equilibrium)

? Behaviors that reduce biological needs are

reinforced

¨C Behaviors that reduce drives are

especially likely to recur

? The goal that satisfies a need is an incentive

¨C Can pull us toward some behaviors and

away from others

Drive Theory

When drives motivate two or more competing

behaviors, conflict results

Three types (Miller, 1944, 1959)

a. Approach¨CApproach Conflict

Distress is usually tolerable because

both choices are pleasant

Drive Theory

b. Avoidance¨CAvoidance Conflict

c. Approach¨CAvoidance Conflict

¨C Occurs when a choice has both pleasant

and unpleasant aspects simultaneously

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Arousal Theory

Focuses on the connection between physical

arousal and behavior.

?

Yerkes¨CDodson Principle

¨C Suggests that task performance is related to

arousal level

?

Hebb suggested that there is optimal arousal

level

Cognitive Theories of Motivation

Focus on our goals and mental processes

Expectancy Theories

? Focuses on our expectations of achieving

a goal an on the value of that goal

? Expectations are based on experience

¨C Some are based on social needs

? A need to feel good about oneself and

to establish and maintain relationships

? E.g., needs for achievement and

affiliation

Cognitive Theories

Extrinsic Motivation: Comes from the external

environment in the form of rewards and threats

of punishment

Intrinsic Motivation: Arises from our internal

processes

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Humanistic Theory

¨C Emphasizes the entirety of life, rather than

individual components of behavior

¨C Focuses on human dignity, individual choice,

and self-worth

¨C Incorporates elements of other theories

¨C Believes behavior must be viewed within the

framework of a person¡¯s environment and

values

Humanistic Theory

Abraham Maslow (1908 ¨C 1970)

¨C Assumed people are essentially good

¨C Believed people are naturally motivated

toward self-actualization

? One of the highest level of psychological

development

? Involves striving to achieve everything one

is capable of

Maslow¡¯s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow organized a hierarchy of motives

¨C As lower-level needs are satisfied,

higher-level needs become more

motivating

¨C Believed only a small portion of

people attain self-actualization

Problems with Maslow¡¯s theory

¨C Too global to be tested

experimentally

¨C Strongly tied to Western values

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