Motivation and Emotion - potentiality
嚜燐otivation and Emotion
Chapter 9
Motivation and Emotion
I.
What is Motivation
II.
How Does Motivation Affect Behavior?
III. What is Emotion?
IV. How Does Emotion Affect Behavior?
What is Motivation?
A condition that initiates, activates, or maintains
an organism*s goal-directed behavior.
每 Usually an internal condition
? Can not be directly observed
每 Inferred from external behaviors
1
Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary
? Behavior is motivated by instincts
每 Fixed behavioral patterns
每 Occur throughout a species
每 Inborn, rather than learned
? Humans have more instincts than other
animals
Evolutionary Theories
Motivation and emotion are inseparable
Motivation pushes us towards a number of
behaviors (goals)
Emotion sets priorities for behaviors
Behaviors that result in pleasure or pain will be
motivating
? Feelings relate to survival
? Evolutionary psychologists focus on
universal motivations and emotions
Drive Theory
Assumes an organism is motivated to act
because of a need to attain, maintain, or
reestablish a goal
A drive is an internal aroused condition
? Directs an organism to satisfy a need
每 A state of physiological imbalance
? Usually accompanied by arousal
? An organism motivated by a need is in a
drive state
2
Drive Theory
The ultimate goal is homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant state of internal
balance (equilibrium)
? Behaviors that reduce biological needs are
reinforced
每 Behaviors that reduce drives are
especially likely to recur
? The goal that satisfies a need is an incentive
每 Can pull us toward some behaviors and
away from others
Drive Theory
When drives motivate two or more competing
behaviors, conflict results
Three types (Miller, 1944, 1959)
a. Approach每Approach Conflict
Distress is usually tolerable because
both choices are pleasant
Drive Theory
b. Avoidance每Avoidance Conflict
c. Approach每Avoidance Conflict
每 Occurs when a choice has both pleasant
and unpleasant aspects simultaneously
3
Arousal Theory
Focuses on the connection between physical
arousal and behavior.
?
Yerkes每Dodson Principle
每 Suggests that task performance is related to
arousal level
?
Hebb suggested that there is optimal arousal
level
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
Focus on our goals and mental processes
Expectancy Theories
? Focuses on our expectations of achieving
a goal an on the value of that goal
? Expectations are based on experience
每 Some are based on social needs
? A need to feel good about oneself and
to establish and maintain relationships
? E.g., needs for achievement and
affiliation
Cognitive Theories
Extrinsic Motivation: Comes from the external
environment in the form of rewards and threats
of punishment
Intrinsic Motivation: Arises from our internal
processes
4
Humanistic Theory
每 Emphasizes the entirety of life, rather than
individual components of behavior
每 Focuses on human dignity, individual choice,
and self-worth
每 Incorporates elements of other theories
每 Believes behavior must be viewed within the
framework of a person*s environment and
values
Humanistic Theory
Abraham Maslow (1908 每 1970)
每 Assumed people are essentially good
每 Believed people are naturally motivated
toward self-actualization
? One of the highest level of psychological
development
? Involves striving to achieve everything one
is capable of
Maslow*s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow organized a hierarchy of motives
每 As lower-level needs are satisfied,
higher-level needs become more
motivating
每 Believed only a small portion of
people attain self-actualization
Problems with Maslow*s theory
每 Too global to be tested
experimentally
每 Strongly tied to Western values
5
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