Chapter 3 – Cell Structures & Functions

Biology 12

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Cell Biology

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Chapter 3 ? Cell Structures & Functions

Complete using BC Biology 12, pages 62 - 107

3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization

pages 66 - 67

1. The macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and nucleic acids, discussed in the last chapter are not alive, yet the

cell is alive. The cell is the structural

(a) and functional

(b) unit

of an organism. It is the smallest unit capable of performing all the functions necessary for life

(c)

2. History of microscopy: name the scientist that made the following contributions to cell biology

1

S

2

C

S

3

V I R C H OW C

L

H

Across

3. Concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells. 5. Made some of the earliest microscopes.

E

W

Down

4

I

AH

D

NO

5

L E E UWE N H O E K

N

K

E

1. Stated that plants are composed of cells. 2. Stated that animals are made up of living units called cells. 4. First used the term "cell" to refer to the honeycomb

structure of cork observed in the microscope.

3. The cell theory is a basic theory of biology which states All organisms are made up of basic living units called cells All cells come only from previously existing cells

4. Complete the following table.

Cube side length

Surface Area (6s2)

Volume (l x w x h)

1 cm

6 (12) = 6

13 = 1

2 cm

6 (22) = 24

23 = 8

3 cm

6 (32) = 54

33 = 27

4 cm

6 (42) = 96

43 = 64

SA:V Ratio 6 : 1

24 : 8 = 3 : 1 54 : 27 = 2 : 1 96 : 64 = 1.5 : 1

5. Using the information from the table above, explain why humans are made up of trillions of small cells instead of just big one. Amount of SA affects the ability to get materials in and out of the cell. Also, larger cells need more nutrients and produce more wastes BUT have a low SA:V ratio. This is inadequate to sustain the needs of the cell.

6. Why are there some cells that are much larger, even visible to the human eye, such as a chicken egg? These types of cells are not actively metabolizing like other cells. Once fertilized, their metabolism kicks in and they divide internally into smaller and smaller cells.

7. Give an example of a modification utilized by cells that specialize in absorption. Columnar epithelial cells along intestine surface are highly folded into microvilli to increase SA

3.2 Eukaryotic Cells

pages 67 - 77

8. All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane

(a) consisting of a phospholipid

bilayer

(b) embedded with protein

(c) molecules.

9. Describe the composition of cytoplasm. Water, salts, dissolved organic molecules

10. Define organelle: Any well-defined subcellular structure that performs a particular function for the cell

11. Identify the organelles on the following diagram. Use Figure 3.3 on page 70 to help.

centrosome (or centrioles)

chromatin

nucleolus

nucleus

vesicle or lysosome smooth ER

cytoskeleton mitochondria plasma membrane

cytoplasm

ribosome

Golgi apparatus rough ER

12. Match the functions of the organelles to their correct descriptions.

B cytoskeleton

A. cellular respiration (production of energy)

G Golgi apparatus

B. shape of cell and movement of its parts

A mitochondria

C. lipid synthesis, tasks vary depending on type of cell

J nucleus

D. regulates molecule passage into and out of cells

H peroxisomes

E. storage of substances

D plasma membrane

F. folding, modification, and transport of proteins

I ribosomes

G. processing, packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids

F rough endoplasmic reticulum H. various metabolic tasks

C smooth endoplasmic reticulum I. protein synthesis

E vacuoles and vesicles

J. storage of genetic information; synthesis of DNA and RNAhe

Cytoskeleton

pages 77 - 80

13. Briefly describe the specific parts of the nucleus chromatin: DNA & associated proteins ("loose" DNA) chromosomes: condensed DNA (just before cell division) nucleoplasm: the cytoplasm of the nucleus nucleolus: rRNA production and formation of ribosome subunits nuclear envelope: double membrane around nucleus nuclear pores: allows proteins, ribosome subunits, etc to enter and exit the nucleus

14. Where in the cell are ribosomes found? Floating in cytoplasm (can be polyribosomes) and attached to rough ER 15. The endomembrane system consists of the:

nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) Golgi apparatus vesicles 16. How does the Golgi apparatus known whether the proteins made at the rough ER belong inside the cell or are to be transported out of the cell? specific molecular tags like "postal codes"

17. Name three functions of lysosomes. (1) digest materials that come into the cell (e.g. breakdown polymers) (2) immune system aid (e.g. destroy pathogens) (3) autodigestion (e.g. breaking down old or unneeded cell parts)

18. Use Figure 3.7 on page 74 to identify the missing labels in the diagram below.

plasma membrane

incoming vesicle lysosome

transport vesicle smooth ER

secretory vesicle Golgi apparatus

transport vesicle rough ER

19. Where in the body do we have cells that contain high numbers of peroxisomes? liver

20. Contrast animal and plant cells (based on organelles or specific organelle functions).

Unique to animal cells

i. lysosomes

* cilia & flagella rare for plants

ii. centrosome / centrioles

iii. peroxisomes: break down fat, produce bile salts

Unique to plant cells

i. chloroplasts

ii. cell wall

iii. large central vacuole

21. Plants have chloroplasts

(a) which use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates by

the process of photosynthesis

(b). This process is described by the equation:

solar energy + CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 energy + carbon dioxide + water carbohydrates + oxygen

KNOW THIS

22. Label the chloroplast below with the terms: grana, stroma, and thylakoid

thylakoid

grana stroma (fluid)

23. Many organisms carry on cellular respiration

(a) which is performed within the

mitochondria

(b). This process can be represented by the equation:

CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + chemical energy carbohydrates + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP

KNOW THIS

24. Label the mitochondrion below with the terms: matrix and cristae matrix (fluid)

cristae (folds)

25. Compare the chloroplast and the mitochondria in the following table.

A. Organelle with a double membrane B. Converts solar energy into carbohydrates C. Converts carbohydrates into ATP D. Found in plant cells E. Found in animal cells F. Smaller of the two organelles G. Contain a single circular DNA molecule and ribosomes H. Divide by splitting in two (similar to how bacteria reproduce) I. Thought to play a role in aging J. All come from the female parent

Chloroplast X X

X

X X

Mitochondria X

X X X X X X X X

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