CONCEPT MAPPING AND DESCRIBING THE SOURCES OF by Vincent ...

[Pages:145]CONCEPT MAPPING AND DESCRIBING THE SOURCES OF IMPACT ON BLACK GAY COLLEGE STUDENT IDENTITY

DEVELOPMENT AT 4-YEAR INSTITUTIONS

by Vincent Eugene Vigil __________________________________________________________________

A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE ROSSIER SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF EDUCATION

December 2007

Copyright 2007

Vincent Eugene Vigil

DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family. My family understood the importance of an education, which resulted in my being a first-generation college student. My friends, mentors, and the influential Student Affairs staff members whom I have met throughout my college years will always be amazing.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the members of my dissertation committee: Rodney Goodyear (Chair), Mary Andres, and Donahue Tuitt. Their support has helped me through this process and I am eternally grateful to them. I also thank the members of my dissertation thematic group, especially Michelle Stiles, Jane Robb, and Christopher Eaton, for their encouragement and guidance. I acknowledge three women in my life who, without their love, support, and acceptance, I would not have realized my educational aspirations: my mother, Elaine Vigil, and my two grandmothers, Josephine Estrella and Rose Vigil. I will always appreciate them, and I thank them for their positive thoughts as I pursued my education goals.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION ..........................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................vii

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. viii

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ix

Chapter 1: CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE STUDY........................................................................................1

Purpose of the Study.......................................................................................3 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................4 Background of the Problem............................................................................5 Review of the Literature .................................................................................7

Review of Identity Development Models.................................................8 Chickering and Reisser.......................................................................9 Erikson .............................................................................................. 11 Marcia ............................................................................................... 13 Cross .................................................................................................14

Review of Sexual Identity Development Theories.................................16 Cass................................................................................................... 16 D'Augelli ..........................................................................................18 Comparison of Cass and D'Augelli Models.....................................20 Coleman ............................................................................................ 21 Troiden.............................................................................................. 23 Fassinger ........................................................................................... 24

Student Perceptions About Gay Students in College .............................25 Studies on Gay Racial Minorities...........................................................26

Rhoads ..............................................................................................27 Stevens .............................................................................................. 28 Eliason ..............................................................................................29 Renn and Bilodeau............................................................................30 Tremble, Schnieder, and Appathurai ................................................31 Literature on the Black Gay Experience.................................................32 Icard ..................................................................................................33 Boykin ..............................................................................................33 Loiacano ...........................................................................................35 Crawford ...........................................................................................37 Roberts .............................................................................................. 39 Richardson, Meyers, Bing, and Satz.................................................39 Herek and Capitanio .........................................................................40 A Review of Critical Incidents and Concept Mapping Methodology ....41

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Significance of the Study and Research Questions ......................................43

Chapter 2: METHOD ...........................................................................................45 Participants ...................................................................................................45 Phase One ...............................................................................................45 Phase Two...............................................................................................45 Raters ............................................................................................................46 Measures .......................................................................................................46 Critical Incident Technique ....................................................................47 Paired Comparisons Questionnaire ........................................................48 Procedures ....................................................................................................48 Participant Selection ...............................................................................48 Phase One .........................................................................................48 Phase Two.........................................................................................51 Measure Administration .........................................................................51 Phase One .........................................................................................51 Phase Two.........................................................................................52 Data Analysis................................................................................................52 Phase One ...............................................................................................52 Theme Development.........................................................................52 Overarching Themes.........................................................................53 Phase Two...............................................................................................53 MDS.................................................................................................. 54 Clustering.......................................................................................... 55

Chapter 3: RESULTS ...........................................................................................56 Phase One .....................................................................................................56 Categories ...............................................................................................56 Year of Occurrence.................................................................................64 Year of Occurrence.................................................................................66 Eventual Effect of Experience on Sense of Self.....................................66 Phase Two.....................................................................................................67 Research Question ..................................................................................67 Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) ..........................................................67 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis.................................................................70

Chapter 4: DISCUSSION.....................................................................................73 Findings in Relation to Research Questions.................................................73 College Experiences That Black Gay Men Perceived as Influential on Identity ........................................................................................73 Perceived Effect of Experiences.............................................................76 Conceptual Categories of Experiences ...................................................77 Cluster Analysis......................................................................................78 Limitations of the Study ...............................................................................80 Participant Selection ...............................................................................80 Validity of the Categories.......................................................................82 Directions for Future Research.....................................................................82 Implications for Practitioners .......................................................................85

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................87

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APPENDICES A. IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELS ...............................................92 B. SEXUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELS ..............................93 C. COLLEGE YEARS EXPERIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE.......................94 D. COLLEGE YEARS EXPERIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION .......................................................95 E. RANDOM PAIRED CATEGORY PLACEMENT CHART ..................96 F. COLLEGE YEARS EXPERIENCE CONCEPT SIMILARITY RATING SCALE (CSRS)........................................................................97 G. PHASE ONE PARTICIPATION EMAIL REQUEST ..........................106 H. PHASE TWO PARTICIPATION EMAIL REQUEST .........................107 I. RESEARCH PROJECT INFORMATION SHEET ..............................108 J. COMBINED GROUPS SIMILARITY MATRIX.................................111 K. INCIDENTS ARRANGED BY OVERARCHING CATEGORIES.....112

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: College and University Participants ....................................................49 Table 2: Incidents Overarching Categories .......................................................65 Table 3: Dimension Values................................................................................68 Table 4: Categories in Clusters..........................................................................71

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Euclidean distance model ....................................................................69 Figure 2: Dendrogram using Ward method ........................................................70 Figure 3: Concept map with named clusters .......................................................72

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