MS. BOLINSKY NAHS AP PSYCHOLOGY



Cognition: all the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, and communicating Concept: mental grouping of similar objects; mental grouping of Corresponding objects Prototype: a mental image or best example of a category Algorithm: a step-by-step procedure that guarantees an answer; long, tedious, and very slow, but very accurate Heuristic: a commonsense thinking strategy; using judgments to solve problems quickly; speedy, but less accurate Insight: a sudden and novel realization of the answer to a problem confirmation bias: a tendency to find information that confirms our opinions; we want to confirm our bias fixation: the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; when you are fixed on a certain way to solve a problem, blind to other ways mental set: a tendency to repeat a solution set that has worked before; type of fixation; predisposes how we think functional fixedness: the tendency to perceive the function of objects as fixed and good for only one thing; to think of things only in terms of their usual function representativeness heuristic: judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent our prototypes; stereotyping availability heuristic: judging the likelihood of events based on how well remember them; how available our memories are overconfidence: tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs framing: the way an issue is presented belief perseverance: tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence; tendency for our beliefs to persevere, even when discredited artificial intelligence: AI; science of programming computer systems to simulate human reasoning, learning, and language computer neural networks: computer systems designed to mimic the brain's interconnected neural structures; learning to recognize visuals and smells language: spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning phoneme: the smallest distinct sound unit; basic speech sounds; for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.Morpheme: the smallest unit that carries Meaning; can be a word or part of a word Grammar: a system of rules (semantics and syntax) that allows for comprehensive communication Semantics: one of two grammar types; the rules and study of meaning Syntax: one of two grammar types; rules for word order; sentence structure babbling stage: beginning at 3 to 4 months, babies utter meaningless sounds one-word stage: beginning at age one to 2; child speaks mostly in one word; usually contain one syllable two-word stage: beginning at age two; child speaks mostly two words sentences; uses telegraphic speech telegraphic speech: early speech stage in which child speaks like TELEGRAM; uses only nouns and verbs, no auxiliary words linguistic determinism: suggested by Whorf; suggests that language determines thought, which is untrue; language just influences thought aphasia: impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). Broca's area: controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech Wernicke's area: controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. Intuition: an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning cognitive psychologist: studies the mental activities, including the logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgments. Hierarchies: subdividing of concept to further simplify ideas productive language: ability to produce words receptive language: ability to comprehend speech through watching words being spoken language acquisition device: a language switch box universal grammar: all human languages have same grammatical building blocks such as nouns, verbs, subjects, objects, negations and questions angular gyrus: brain area involved in reading aloud (damage causes inability to read) bilingual advantage: idea that bilingual children are able to inhibit one language while using the other and therefore can inhibit their attention to irrelevant information non-declarative memory: mental picture of how one does something outcome stimulation: imagining the desired outcome process stimulation: imagining doing the actions ................
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