CHAPTER 5



CHAPTER 5

Perception

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define perception. Compare and contrast perception and sensation. (see introductory section)

2. Discuss the debate among the computational, constructivist, and ecological viewpoints as to how perception works. (see Three Approaches to Perception)

3. Define psychophysics and absolute threshold. (see Psychophysics)

4. Define subliminal and supraliminal stimuli. Discuss the debate about the degree to which people’s behavior can be influenced by subliminal perception. (see Absolute Thresholds: Is Something Out There? see also Thinking Critically: Can Subliminal Stimuli Influence Your Behavior?)

5. Describe how sensitivity to stimuli and response criterion factor into signal-detection theory. Describe how information can change a person’s response criterion. (see Signal-Detection Theory)

6. Define difference threshold or just-noticeable difference (JND). Describe Weber’s law and explain he equation JND = KI. (see Judging Differences: Has Anything Changed?)

7. Describe Fechner’s law. Explain how Stevens’s power law can account for a wider array of stimuli. (see Magnitude Estimation: How Intense Is That?)

8. Describe the two basic principles of perceptual organization: figure-ground organization and grouping. Define and give examples of proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common region, common fate, synchrony, and connectedness. Discuss the roles of likelihood and simplicity principles in explaining perceptual organization. (see Basic Processes in Perceptual Organization)

9. Define and describe depth perception. (see Perception of Location and Distance)

10. Describe the stimulus cues that influence depth perception. Your answer should include interposition, relative size, height in the visual field, texture gradients, linear perspective, and motion parallax. (see Perception of Location and Distance)

11. Describe the cues to depth provided by accommodation, convergence, and binocular disparity. (see Perception of Location and Distance)

12. Describe the cues used to perceive motion. Your answer should include looming, the brain’s ability to sense the position of the eyes and head, and the illusion called stroboscopic motion. (see Perception of Motion)

13. Define perceptual constancy. Give examples of size, shape, and brightness constancy. (see Perceptual Constancy)

14. Compare and contrast bottom-up processing and top-down processing. (see Recognizing the Perceptual World)

15. Explain how feature analysis works in bottom-up processing. (see Bottom-up Processing)

16. Discuss the influences on top-down processing. Your answer should include expectancy, schemas and motivation. (see Top-down Processing)

17. Define network processing. Explain the parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of pattern recognition. (see Network Processing)

18. Describe the impact of culture on perception. (see Culture, Experience, and Perception)

19. Describe an infant’s perceptual abilities. (see Linkages: Perception and Human Development)

20. Define attention. Describe overt and covert orienting, including the research on the covert shifting of attention. (see Attention; see also Focus on Research Methods: An Experiment in “Mind Reading”)

21. Describe the influences that determine the ease of directing or dividing our attention. (see Directing Attention; see also Divided Attention)

22. Explain parallel processing. (see Attention and Automatic Processing)

23. Discuss how neural activity underlies the directing of attention. (see Attention and the Brain)

24. Describe the influence of perceptual studies on aviation psychology, human-computer interactions, and traffic safety. (see Applications of Research on Perception)

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