Chapter 7 - Operant Conditioning
Chapter 7 - Operant Conditioning
Schedules and Theories of Reinf orcement
Lecture Outline
? Schedules of reinforcement
? Continuous vs. intermittent schedules ? Four basic intermittent schedules ? Other simple schedules of reinforcement ? Complex schedules of reinforcement
? Theories of reinf orcement
? Drive reduction theory ? The Premack principle ? Response deprivation hypothesis ? Behavioral bliss point approach
1
Now that we have discussed reinforcement . . . .
? It is time to discuss how reinforcements can and should be delivered
? In other words, there are other things to consider than just what the reinforcer should be.
? If you were going to reinforce your puppy for going to the bathroom outside, how would you do it?
? Would you give him a doggie treat every time? Some of the time?
? Would you keep doing it the same way or would you change your method as you go along?
Schedules of Reinforcement
? A schedule of reinforcement is the response requirement that must be met in order to obtain reinforcement.
? Each particular kind of reinforcement schedule tends to produce a particular pattern and rate of performance
? In other words, it is what you have to do to get the reward!
? Example: Does a dog have to roll over just once to get a reward, or does he have to roll over more than once befor e he's given his reward?
2
Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcem ent
? Continuous
? A continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF) is one in which
? Example: every time the dog rolls over he gets a treat every time a child hangs up her coat she gets praised
? Useful for strengthening newly learned behaviors or when using shaping procedures to train a behavior.
? Leads to rapid increases in the rate of the behavior (begins to occur very frequently).
? Not very common in a natural environment.
Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcem ent
? Intermittent
? An intermittent reinforcement schedule is one in which only some responses are reinforced (not every response)
? Example: every third time the dog rolls over he gets reinforced .
? Useful for maintaining behaviors that are already established
? They can be based on the number of responses made (ratio) or the time between reinforcement (interval)
? They can also be fixed or variable.
3
Four Basic T ypes of Intermittent Schedules
? Ratio Schedules-
reinforcement given after a number of non-re inf orced responses
? Interval Schedules-
reinforcement given for a responses that occurs after a certain amount of time has passed
? Fixed Ratio
? Fixed Interval
? Variable Ratio
? Variable Interval
Fixed Ratio Schedule
? Fixed ratio schedule (FR) - reinforcement is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses (predictable)
? Examples:
? FR4 schedule - a salesperson receives a bonus after every 4 sales
? FR1 schedule - take a break after reading a chapter in the text ? FR50 schedule - a rat received a food pellet afte r every 50 bar
presses. ? "piecework" - paid by number of pieces sewn together
? Schedules can be dense (e.g., FR5) or lean (e.g., FR100)
4
Fixed Ratio Schedule
? Characteristic pattern:
? ? Short pause following each
reinforcer ? Higher ratio requirements prod uce
longer pauses after reinforcement ? e.g., FR50 has longer break before
responding again than FR25 ? Can stretch the reinforcement ratio
(e.g., FR1, FR2, FR4, FR6, FR10) ? Ratio strain ? when requirement
increases too quickly behavior becomes erratic or disrupted ? Movement from "dense" to "lean"
schedules should be done gradually.
Variable Ratio Schedule
? Variable Ratio (VR): Reinforcer given after variable amount of non-reinforced responses (less predictabl e)
? VR10 schedule, on average every 10 responses are reinforced but number of responses might vary between 1 and 20
? Examples
? VR6 schedule - a gambling machine pays off every 6 spins on average, but payoff trial cannot be pred icted
? VR50 schedule - a food pellet is dispensed on average every 50 bar-presses, but exact trial cannot be predicted
? Salesperson working on commission
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