Characteristics of Life
Characteristics of Life
• Regulation
• Reproduction
• Respiration
• Growth
• Excretion
• Nutrition
• Transport
• Synthesis
Scientific Method: Conducting
Valid Experiments
➢ Problem
➢ Hypothesis
➢ Experiment
➢ Collect Data
➢ Conclusion
***Repeat
Invalid Experiments
o Sample size too small
o No control group
o Not repeated
Independent variable: The single
variable changed in an experiment
IE: Type of liquid added to plants
Dependent variable: measurable
outcome of the experiment
IE: Amount of plant growth
Control Group: “Normal”
unchanged test group.
IE. Plants grown with water
Dependent On a graph variables
Variable are placed as shown
Independent
Variable
Classification: 5 Kingdoms
✓ Animal: Multicellular
+ Heterotrophic
✓ Plant: Multicellual
+ Autotrophic
✓ Fungi: One or more cells
+ Decomposer
Feeds on dead organisms
✓ Protist: Unicellular
+ Nucleus
✓ Monera: Unicellular
+ no nucleus Ex. Bacteria
Scientific name:
Made using Genus, species
Ex: Canis lupus = wolf
Cells: Building blocks of life
Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells and come from other cells
Exception to Cell Theory: Viruses because they require a host organism.
Cell Membrane Structure: Lipid bilayer with chunks of protein. Called the
Fluid mosaic Model
[pic]
Animal cell: Uses organelles to complete the cells jobs.
Has centrioles for mitosis
(plants do not)
[pic]
Plant Cell: Has chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall for structure (animal cells do not)
[pic]
Organelles and functions:
Nucleus: Controls cell
Cell Membrane: semi-permeable boundary of cell Mitochondria: Makes ATP for energy
Ribosomes: Makes protein
ER: Transport
Vacuole: Storage
Lysosomes: Destroy worn out parts
Golgi Complex: Package and ship
Cellular Organization: Organelles-Cells-Tissues-Organs -Organ Systems-Organism
One-celled organisms: Use
hair-like cilia or whip-like
flagella for movement
[pic]
Biochemistry:
Carbohydrates: Quick energy. Building blocks are sugars
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen
1-chain carbs are called simple sugars or monosaccharides
3-chain or more carbs are called polysaccharides or starch
Most common simple sugar is Glucose C6H12O6
Monosaccharide/simple sugar/Glucose
Polysaccharide or Starch
Proteins: Building blocks are amino acids
Shape of protein determine its function
Common proteins are:
o P-igments
o E-nzymes
o A-ntibodies
o C-ell membrane
o H-ormones
o M-uscles
Enzymes: Shape-specific proteins that speed up, slow down reactions and put together or take apart molecules Enzymes attach to substrates in the Lock and Key Model
[pic]
Lipids: Building blocks are 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
• [pic]
Lipids make up the double layered cell membrane
Lipids store great amounts of energy
Photosynthesis:
Plants using CO2 + Light + H2O
to make Glucose and Oxygen
[pic]
Autotrophic: makes its own food
Heterotrophic: must find its food
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
The products of photosynthesis
Are the ingredients of cellular respiration i.e.
The reactions are reversed
[pic]
Photosynthesis:
Co2+H2O+Light energy =
Glucose+O2
Cellular Respiration:
Glucose+O2 =
Co2+H20+ATP energy
Leaf Cross Section:
[pic]
Xylem: Tube moving water up
through roots
Phloem: Tube moving food
down from leaves
Stomate/Guard cell unit: Found in lower epidermis
Specialized cell used to take in oxygen and release Co2 and water vapor into the air.
[pic]
Human Digestion:
Breaks down food into usable nutrients and indigestible roughage such as fiber
[pic]
Mouth- Mechanical digestion here
Esophagus- tube - “peristalsis”
Stomach- Digests protein
Small Intestine: Absorbs most
nutrients
Large Intestine: Absorbs Water
Liver: Removes toxins, makes bile
Gall Bladder: Stores bile which
breaks down fats
Pancreas: Produces digestive
enzymes
Villi-Fingerlike projections lining Small Intestine and they increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Human Respiration:
Air enters: nose or mouth, nasal cavity, throat or pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Epiglottis: Flap covering trachea when swallowing
Larynx-voice box.
Diaphragm: Muscle that draws air into lungs
[pic]
Exchange of gases: Takes place in alveoli. Co2 in the capillaries diffuses into alveoli to exit body, O2 in alveoli diffuses into blood
[pic]
Transport:
Movement of materials
Passive Transport: High to low No energy needed.
Examples: Include diffusion
and osmosis
Diffusion: Movement from high concentrations to low concentrations. Eventually
reaches equilibrium
[pic]
Osmosis: Diffusion of H2O across a membrane
Active Transport: Low to High (like riding a bike uphill)
Energy (ATP) needed for active transport
[pic]
Immunity:
The ability to resist disease
Pathogen: Any disease causing organism (viruses, bacteria, fungus, parasite)
Antigen: Any substance causing an immune response
Antibody: Shape specific protein released by white blood cells to attack antigen
Defense mechanisms
Skin, hair and nails
Stomach acid
White blood cells
Vaccine: A dead or weakened form of a disease-causing microorganism to stimulate production ofantibodies
AIDS: caused by HIV, disease weakens the immune system.
Regulation:
Controlling all activities in an organism to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis: Stable internal
environment
In Humans: 2 systems used are
Nervous and Endocrine
Nervous System:
Brain and Spinal Cord send and receive electrical messages
[pic] [pic]
Neurons: nerve cells that receive and transmit impulses
Receptor molecules: Shape-specific, receive messages
Impulse: an electrical message
Synapse: Space between neurons
Neurotransmitter: Carries message across synapse
Reflex: an involuntary response to a stimulus. Impulse travels to spinal cord first
Endocrine System: A system of glands that secrete hormones into the blood
[pic]
Hormones: Shape specific
chemical messengers
Insulin: Hormone produced by pancreas that helps lower blood sugar
Nervous system: Fast electrical messages of short duration
Endocrine system: Slow chemical message of long duration
Feedback: An organism’s built-in
balancing system
Example: Sweating /shivering and insulin /glucagon
[pic]
Excretion:
Removal of cellular waste
Plants use stomates
Protists use contractile vacuoles
Human Excretion:
Lungs-excrete Co2 and H2O
Skin-excretes sweat i.e. urea, salt and water
Kidneys-filter urea, water and salts from blood
Nephrons-millions of tiny filters in kidneys
[pic]
Human Reproduction:
Female Reproductive System
[pic]
Male Reproductive System
[pic]
Fertilization:
[pic]
Late Development:
[pic]
Reproduction:
Making more living things
Asexual Reproduction:
1 parent, genetically identical offspring
Asexual Reproduction:
Binary fission, Sporulation
Regeneration, Budding, Vegetative propagation
[pic] [pic][pic]
[pic] [pic]
Sexual Reproduction: 2 parents, genetically diverse offspring
Gametes: sex cells
(eggs and sperm)
Fertilization: When egg and sperm unite forming a zygote
Fertilization: Can be internal (i.e.humans) or external (i.e. fish)
Differentiation: Process by which developing cells form
different types of tissues
Mitosis: Normal cell division.
2 daughter cells genetically
Identical to original parent cell
[pic]Meiosis: Cell division in the
sex cells.
Results in 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell and accounts for variation in offspring
[pic]
Genetics: the study of heredity
Heredity: the passing of genetic info from parents to offspring
Chromosomes: Structures found inside nucleus that contain genes.
Gene: a sequence of nucleotides found on a chromosome, that codes for a trait.
DNA: base pair found on the gene
Dominant: trait that appears
Recessive: the hidden trait
[pic]
Mutation: any change in the genes or chromosomes.
Can only happen in sex cells
Types of Mutations:
➢ Crossing over
➢ Deletion-segment is lost
➢ Inversion
➢ Translocation
[pic]
DNA is made of 4 bases-A-T-C-G
A pairs withT, C pairs with G
Each 3-letter codon represents a code for a specific amino acid (IE SER, THR, GLU, STOP)
In RNA, A-U, C-G
RNA carries genetic code to ribosomes and proteins are made
Selective Breeding: Makes plants and animals with desired traits
Genetic engineering: Inserting genes of one organisminto genes of another. Used for insulin in diabetics.
[pic]
Evolution:
Change over time. Can result in a new species.
Theory of Natural Selection
1. Overproduction
2. Competition
3. Survival of the Fittest
4. Surviving genes passed on
Common error: Fitness does not mean strength.Fitness is determined by which organism fits into an environment. Example.: A penguin is more fit than a lion in
arctic conditions
[pic]
Evolution: driven by a change in the environment and the environment determines which species will survive.
Common Error: Species evolve traits because they need them. Example.: Giraffe grows longer neck to reach food.
Truth: The existing long necked giraffe ate well when food became scarce and passed along genes
Variation: comes about by sexual reproduction and mutations
Gradualism: Evolution is slow
Punctuated equilibrium: Evolution happens quickly
Evidence for evolution:
Fossil record: Deeper fossils are usually older
[pic] [pic]
Homologous structures: similar body parts
[pic]
Evolutionary trees: Show relationship between living and extinct species
Ecology
The study of how organisms interact with their environment
Biodiversity: Variety of life on earth
Autotrophs: use energy from the sun to make food. Also called
Producers (usually plants)
Heterotrophs: Cannot make their own food. Also called
Consumers
Energy pyramid: Diagram showing organism high on a food chain receiving the least amount of energy
[pic]
Carrying capacity: maximum sustainable size of a population
Limiting Factor: what limits an organism’s success. IE: space, food, mates, water
[pic]
Ecological Succession: Pioneer species to climax community
[pic] [pic]
Food Chains/Food Webs:
[pic] [pic]
Terms to know : omnivore,
herbivore, carnivore, predator, parasite, habitat, niche, biotic, abiotic, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, symbiosis
Negative Human Impact: Over-population, pollution, destruction of natural resources, introduction of foreign species
Positive Human Impact: Recycling, conservation, tree farms, rotating crops, protection of habitats, alternative fuels,
State Labs
➢ 1. Making Connections
(Clothespin Lab)
➢ 2. Biodiversity
(Botana curis)
➢ 3. Beaks of Finches
➢ 4. Diffusion Through a Membrane
1. Making Connections
/Clothespin
What you did: Squeezed clothespin for 1 min. then repeated
Main Idea: Muscles demand oxygen and they will fatigue without oxygen (make lactic acid which hurts).
Pulse is a measure of how fast your heart beats.
If your pulse is fast, blood is moving faster through the circulatory system.
The circulatory system delivers oxygen and glucose to your muscles. The mitochondria in the muscles takes glucose and oxygen and makes ATP.
The respiratory system sends oxygen to the blood. If you need more oxygen, you breathe faster. The circulatory system sends the oxygen to the muscles to make ATP (along with glucose).
2. Biodiversity/Botana Curis
What you did: Compared 4 species of plants structurally and molecularly
Main Idea: Related species share similar traits
Lab techniques such as gel electrophoresis and paper chromatography help determine relationships between organisms.
[pic] [pic]
3. Beaks of Finches:
What you did: Modeled different bird beaks competing for food
Main Idea: Different environmental conditions (food size) favor
The survival of different species of finch
[pic]
4. Diffusion Through a Membrane:
What you did: Made a model cell using dialysis tubing
Put glucose and starch inside cell
Put brown starch indicator (iodine) outside cell
What you saw: Inside cell turned black because iodine diffused in
and reacted with starch
outside of cell didn’t change i.e. no starch diffused out
used blue glucose indicator (benedict’s) to see that
glucose diffused out of cell. sample turned brick red
when heated
Main Idea: Small molecules (iodine & glucose) can diffuse across a membrane
Large molecules (starch) cannot diffuse across a membrane
Indicators can be used to identify the presence of a substance
Part B.
What you did: Added salt water to an onion cell then added distilled water
Salt water shrunk the membrane of the onion cell, distilled
Water caused cell membrane to swell again
Main Idea: Salt water causes water to diffuse out of cell
The pure distilled water diffused into the cell
[pic] [pic]
In salt water In pure water
-----------------------
DNA
Gene
Chromosome
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
Related searches
- characteristics of life biology activity
- characteristics of life worksheet
- characteristics of life worksheet pdf
- characteristics of life biology
- characteristics of life span development
- 8 characteristics of life biology
- characteristics of life quizlet
- characteristics of life packet
- characteristics of life worksheet answers
- characteristics of life answer key
- 7 characteristics of life biology
- characteristics of life biology worksheet