PYC201-5 PERSONALITY THEORIES
|FREUD |BANDURA/SCL |MASLOW |ROGERS |FRANKL |AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES |
|VIEW OF THE PERSON |BACKGROUND |BACKGROUND |PERSON |PERSON |INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND |
|Psychosocial conflict | |Humanistic movement |Humanistic-phenomenological |The freedom to be responsible |Western theories |
|Biological & psychic |PERSON |Human potential |The humanistic approach |Noogenic dimension |Lack of a personality theory from |
|determinism |Interactional view/reciprocal determinism |Self-actualisers |The phenomenological approach |A level of being beyond animal |an african perspective |
|The mechanistic assumption |Cognitive learning theorists |Healthy functioning | |existence | |
|(energy that drives the |Theory of specificity | |STRUCTURE |Self-transcendence |WORLDVIEW & PERSON |
|person) |Response specificity |PERSON |The organism |The transhuman dimension |Holistic approach |
| |Nature of situation, learning experiences,|The person’s dignity |The phenomenal field |Unconditionally meaningful |Anthropocentric ontology |
|STRUCTURE |expectations & behaviour |The person’s will to develop |The self concept |A highly personalised (personally|The macro-cosmos - god |
|Levels of consciousness | |The person’s functioning as an integrated | |accountable) way of being |The meso-cosmos – spirits, |
|- survival |STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS |whole |DYNAMICS |Dimension of meaning |sorcerers & shamans |
|- pleasure |Motivation | |The actualising tendency ) | |The micro-cosmos - individual in |
|- guilt |Bandura’s views of motivation |STRUCTURE |The need for positive regard |STRUCTURE |everyday collective existence |
|Id |Reciprocal determinism | |from others |The 3 dimensions of the | |
|Ego |Interaction btw environment & cognitive |DYNAMICS |The need for positive self |personality |COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING & THE CONCEPT|
|Superego |processes – expectations, consequences & |Deficiency & growth motives |regard |The physical dimension (1st level|OF TIME |
| |self-evaluation |Hierarchy of needs |Congruence & incongruence |of existence) (machine) |Intuition |
|DYNAMICS |Rotter – locus of control (internal & |Physiological needs |The role of the self concept in |Biochemical mechanism |Emotion |
|Characteristics of drives |external) |Safety needs |experience |The psychological dimension (2nd |Intuitive rationality |
|- source |Bandura – self-reflective/self-efficacy |Needs for affiliation & love |The role of the self concept in |level of existence) (animal) |2-dimensional |
|- impetus/energy | |Need for self-esteem |determining behaviour |Needs & drives |Past & present |
|- goal |LEARNING | | |The spiritual dimension (3rd |Actual time – events currently |
|- object |Reinforcement/punishment |A set of needs based on a person’s |DEVELOPMENT |level of existence) |happening/have already happened |
| |Direct |achievements |The development of the self |self-awareness |(Mbiti) |
|Types of drives |Vicarious (observational) |A set of needs related to the esteem of |concept |The spiritual core of the |Potential time - will definitely |
|Ego drives: individual |Self-reinforcement |others |Unconditional positive regard |personality |happen (Mbiti) |
|survival |Learning thru direct experience |Need for self-actualisation |Conditional positive regard |Personal ground | |
|Sexual drives: species |Observational learning (vicarious | | | |OPTIMAL LIVING & MENTAL HEALTH |
|survival |learning) |DEVELOPMENT |OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT |DYNAMICS |Balanced use of left & right |
|Death drive: destruction of|Social learning |Development in accordance with the need |A growing openness to experience|The freedom of will |hemispheres of the brain |
|individual |The model, the observer & the reinforcing |hierarchy |An increasingly existential |Responsibility |Collective existence |
| |agent |Other paths to healthy development |lifestyle |The will to meaning | |
|Anxiety |Vicarious reinforcement, modelling, |Why self-actualisation is not always |Increasing organismic trust |Destitution & plenty |PSYCHOPATHOLOGY |
|- reality anxiety |imitation & counter-imitation |obtained (5 reasons): |Freedom of choice |Noogenic (spiritual) neurosis or | |
|- neurotic anxiety |Attention, retention & reproduction | |Creativity |depression |Health & ill-health - wholeness & |
|- moral anxiety | |Lack of self-knowledge & self-insight |Basic reliability & | |integration & fragmentation & |
| |Factors influencing observational learning|Obstructions |constructiveness |Physical & psychological needs |disintegration |
|Defence mechanisms | |Running away from one’s talents & |A rich, full life |Stepping stone towards spiritual | |
|- repression & | |responsibilities (the ‘Jonas complex’) | |goals |Role of ancestory, malignant |
|resistance |The nature of the modelled behaviour |Fear of having a superiority complex |PSYCHOPATHOLOGY |Pursuit of happiness |spirits & sorcers – disharmony |
|- projection |The characteristics of the model |Lack of integration within the individual |Defence mechanisms |Happiness is a by-product | |
|- reaction formation |The characteristics of the observer | |Distortion |Will to pleasure & will to power |PSYCHOTHERAPY |
|- rationalisation |The results of the model’s behaviour |OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT |Denial |Existential emptiness |The verbal word |
|- fixation & regression |Self-efficacy |Accurate observation of reality |Malfunctioning |The meaning of life |Dreams |
|- identification | |Self-acceptance, accepting others & human | |Creative values |Family therapy |
|- displacement & |Learning thru self-regulation – |nature |IMPLICATIONS & APPLICATIONS |Experiential values | |
|sublimation |self-reinforcement |Spontaneity, simplicity & naturalness |Psychotherapy |Attitudinal values | |
| |Internal self-regulation |Task involvement |The therapeutic process | | |
|Dreams |External self-regulation |Exclusiveness: the need for privacy |Sincerity & congruence |DEVELOPMENT | |
|-latent | |Autonomy: being independent of culture & |unconditional acceptance/caring |Self-determining | |
|-manifest |DEVELOPMENT |environment |Empathy | | |
| | |Consistent renewal of appreciation |A spiritual dimension |OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT | |
|Parapraxes |OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT |Peak experience |Aggression |Self-determining action | |
| | |Social feeling | |Realistic perception | |
|DEVELOPMENT |PSYCHOPATHOLOGY |Interpersonal relationships | |Humour | |
|5 stages of development |Self-efficacy |The democratic character structure | |Self-trancendence (become more | |
|- oral | |Discrimination btw means & goals, & btw | |than) | |
|- anal |Cognitive styles/encoding strategies |good & evil | |Future directedness | |
|- phallic |Learnt helplessness |A philosophical, benevolent sense of humour| |Work as a vocation | |
|- latent | |Creativity | |Appreciation of goodness, beauty | |
|- genital |Internal or external locus of control: |Resistance against enculturation | |& truth | |
| |Stable or transient | | |Respect & appreciation for the | |
|OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT |Globally or limited |PSYCHOPATHOLOGY/’HUMAN LIMITATION’ | |uniqueness of others | |
|Genital character | |Need gratification & pathology | |Meaning in suffering | |
| |IMPLICATIONS & APPLICATIONS |Gratification of needs | | | |
|IMPLICATIONS & APPLICATIONS|Psychotherapy |Over-gratification of needs | |PSYCHOPATHOLOGY | |
|Psychotherapy |Modelling | | |The noogenic neurosis | |
|- free association |Stress Inoculation |IMPLICATIONS & APPLICATIONS | |An unplanned day-to-day existence| |
|- dream analysis |Self-Regulation |Psychotherapy | |A fatalistic outlook on life | |
|- transference |Cognitive Therapy |Therapeutic context & role of the therapist| |Conformism | |
| | |Basic need therapy & insight therapy | |Totalitarianism | |
|Aggression |Aggression: | | |The human dignity of the | |
| |Genetic & Environmental Factors |Aggression: | |psychiatric patient (Frankl’s | |
| |Rewarded (Reinforced) |Biological survival | |psychiatric credo) | |
| |Observation |Security & safety survival | | | |
| |Reproduction |Affiliation & love survival | |IMPLICATIONS & APPLICATIONS | |
| |Physical Pain Etc | | |Psychotherapy – logotherapy | |
| |Persistence | | |Paradoxical intention – | |
| |Regulation | | |self-detachment & | |
| |Individual Contributions | | |self-transcendence | |
| | | | |Dereflection - self-detachment & | |
| | | | |self-transcendence | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | |Aggression | |
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