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Causes of the Urbanisation in Sao Paulo

(Increasing % of urban population)

Where?

• Population urbanising in Brazil

• Moving from north east rural areas e.g. Pernambuco village

• Moving to Sao Paulo

• SP – On the south east coast of Brazil, West of Rio de Janeiro

• SP – Has expensive apartments and houses – large gardens, swimming pools, maids, children well educated, security guards etc BUT also favelas!

The population of Sao Paulo metropolitan area has rapidly increased over the past 40 years. It has increased from 7 million in 1970 to 20 million today. The following has caused this population increase:

▪ High birth rate and lowering death rate (stage 3)

▪ Internal rural to urban migration mainly from the poor NE region of Brazil. (See below for Sao Paulo pull factors)

Why Urbanising?

[pic]- Push Factors

➢ Mechanisation of farms (bringing in machinery to replace workers) results in high rural unemployment

➢ Large landowners take back the land of their tenant farmers to grow cash crops (crops for money!) for export

➢ High infant mortality due to lack of clean water, electricity, sewerage and medical care

➢ Housing in rural areas is even worse than in the city

➢ Droughts and desertification (like the Sahel!) in NE Brazil

➢ Lack of services e.g. schools, shops, etc

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NE Push Factors – milking by hand, drought + desertification and Pernambuco village

+ Pull Factors [pic]

❖ Advertising campaigns were run in rural areas in the 1950s and 1960s to attract workers to the city

❖ More schools, doctors and other services in the city

❖ Successful migrants encourage people to join them

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SP Pull factors - Café, better SOL / IT class better education / Skyline "Bright Lights”

Effects of migration on NE Rural Areas e.g. Pernambuco village

o Mainly young men who migrate

o Brian Drain – intelligent tend to move, less intelligent stay

o Women, children and elderly left behind

o 27% of poor rural households headed by women

o Lowers birthrates as lack of men

o Elderly struggle to support themselves

o Lack of workforce for farming – child labour is common

o Migrants send money back home to families – called remittances (a positive!)

Impacts of urbanisation on people & environment

One o f the greatest impacts of rapid urbanisation in Sao Paulo has been the creation of large ‘Shanty Towns’ or ‘Favelas’ (the name given to shanty towns in Brazil)

What are ‘Shanty Towns’ or ‘Favelas’ in Sao Paulo?

When people arrive in a new city like Sao Paulo the first thing they need to create is a settler or somewhere to sleep. Many of the new migrants arriving in a city do not have very much money and so cannot afford to rent a room or buy a house. Instead they create makeshift homes that are constructed out of what ever material they can find. This might be wood, plastic, corrugated iron and some times old disused bricks. These shelters are built illegally on land that the people do not own. They are often built on wasteland for example along train tracks, in marshy land, near rubbish dumps, around the edge of cities. As the number of shelters increase they become known as a slum or a ‘shanty town’ or in Brazil a ‘favelas.’

Unlike MEDC, the poorest housing tends to be found on the edge of the city. As you move into the centre of the city the quality of the housing improves. (see above)

What are the characteristics of a ‘Shanty Towns’ or ‘Favelas’ in Sao Paulo?

Management of problem – Self-Help Scheme

✓ Run by local government and NGOs (Non government organizations)

✓ Local gov provides – breeze blocks, roofing tiles, electricity, clean water, tarred roads, community centre

✓ Self-help so favela dwellers - dig ditches for pipes + build houses

✓ Gives sense of pride + community spirit

✓ Saves money so cheap houses

Improving quality of life: The Chingapura Project, Sao Paulo

Self-help or ‘sites and services' schemes

In the Diadema favela, the authorities chose a scheme costing $30 million. The aim was improve the quality of life for 80,000 people.

The advantage of the scheme is that it can be done in stages, they can improve local skills, create a community spirit and as the cost is relatively cheap, more houses can be provided. The success depends on the motivation of local people and appropriate building materials.

Groups of people are encouraged to help build their own homes. Each group will do basic work such as digging ditches to take the water and sewerage pipes.

The local authority provides breeze-blocks and roofing tiles, and the group provide the labour.

The money saved can be used by the authorities to provide amenities such as electricity, clean water supply, tarred roads and a community centre.

|Tasks |

|Describe where Sao Paulo is in the world. |

|How has Sao Paulo population changed over the past 40 years? |

|Describe why Sao Paulo population has changed over the past 40 years |

|Explain the effects of rural urban migration on the rural community. |

|What is a Shanty Town and why are they often found in LEDC? |

|Where are Shanty Towns usually located and why are they located here? |

|What are 6 main characteristics of a Shanty Town? |

|Imagine you live in a shanty town. Write an account describing what you would find most difficult about living in it. |

| |

|Exam questions: |

|Choose one example of migration. Explain why people migrate between the types of place you have chosen. (5) |

|Name a city in an LEDC and describe what has been done to improve the quality of life for the people who live in squatter settlements there. [7] |

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Location

SE Brazil

30 miles from Atlantic coast

Situated on Tiete River

Population

20 million

The Problem

Rapid urbanisation causes

overcrowding

2,000 migrants arrive per week!

Transport –transport system can’t keep pace with urban growth. Traffic jams, noise & pollution result. Most people walk or use public transport. In 1991, 75% of SP’s 3.4 million public transport users depended upon 10,000 buses, 16% used the subway and 8.7% used the trains. In 200 more buses have been ordered to provide jobs and improve the service.

Employment issues – there are not enough jobs for migrants who arrive (unemployment). Many people work in the INFORMAL sector selling fruit, barbers, prostitutes, rubbish collectors. Poorly paid work.

Housing issues – providing enough housing for the migrants is difficult. Sao Paulo gets 2,000 migrants per week. In the 1970’s SP built hundreds of low-grade apartment blocks, these did not meet the demand for houses and so shanty towns developed in the edge of the city. 1/3 families live in one room dwellings. Homelessness - Many people have no home except the pavement.

Few services – little provision of electricity, clean water, schools, hospitals, doctors. Particularly in shanty towns.

Pollution – cities have to deal with the problem of waste disposal. In 1995 only 10% of SP’s solid waste was collected and treated. SP spends $US1 million a day on rubbish collection. In 1999 the city had two landfill sites and two incinerators.

Water, sanitation & health – no running water & sanitation (proper toilets). Sewage often contaminates the water, rubbish is not collected, so diseases e.g. typhoid, dysentery spread very quickly due to over crowding & poor health conditions.

Segregation (division) – divided between very wealthy & those with nothing. Rich rarely go near favelas (shanty towns) & poor find it difficult to go into rich areas.

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