Beyond prototypes
Beyond prototypes
Social and economic challenges
Results from experiments concerning how we can solve these
Advances in technology make UbiComp more possible
• Cheaper hardware
• Smaller hardware
• GPS, active badge hardware
• Social (privacy) concerns: are people getting more comfortable being videotaped.
• Discussion
o London’s CCTV public camera “reality TV”
o Not doing anything illegal so what’s the problem?
o Implications on safety?
o If this gets more and more cheap how can people get access to it (courts, etc)
o Is there a parallel to when cameras first came out there were serious concerns?
o Combination cell phone / camera devices
o Stanford recording lectures and being broadcaster inappropriately focusing on women. Similar unprofessional uses of cameras by security guards.
o Less scary because there is no easy way to search. (i.e. “where was John today?”)
o Building security kept local vs. broadcast to public
• World Wide Web
o People have become accustomed to web portals. Helped reduce attachment to a single device.
o Multiple device adoption. We aren’t quite there yet.
• Mobile Communications
o SMS approaching 1 billion per day
o Multiple use devices
o SIM cards – separate phone as a device from “my phone”
Broader System Challenges
• How can these devices communication together?
• Conflicting systems should automatically resolve this. A next generation of plug-and-play is needed.
• Very difficult to predict user intent. Predicting the intent is key to building a system of systems.
• Discussion
o System trust. Systems have to know when to trust each other. Can we do this without user intervention?
o Example – printer fetching drivers automatically
o Do users need to know which devices are talking to each other. There might be reasons to show what systems are communicating.
o Debugging ubicomp interfaces. If some of the devices don’t have a user interface how do developers debug them? Is having a single over-arching system an answer for this?
• Social and legal challenges: Personal data collection and discarding. Will systems start to suggest when we want?
• Economic concerns: If there are many services will users pay for them? Different business models.
• Discussion
o Parking lot example. Could a system like this pay for itself?
o Restaurant location used to be very important in order to be successful. If we have systems that tell us these things does location become less important? Can a business model be built are referring customers to businesses to pay for the technology.
o There aren’t incentives for many businesses to share information about inventory or waiting lines. ATMs evolved like this because once one place came out with one every bank had to.
• Discussion of social impact of UbiComp
o Social behavior or recommender systems. How do you decide where to go with friends.
o Some research has been done with systems teaching users how to take care of their homes.
o System abuse and cultural differences (values and norms). Misbehavior of people; hackers. Is Wikipedia is a test of this?
o Having a goal of a perfect society where everyone is under surveillance isn’t realistic.
o People using pictures and the web to change people’s behavior. (i.e. , etc)
o Can an economic model solve problem of society.
o Speedometer on side of the road does temporarily change driver behavior
o Social boundaries already exist and how these are shaped by technology
o Government intervention – GPS in cell phones
What do we need to ubicomp to be successful?
• Better forum to discuss projects and results
• Actual deployment, not just a demo.
• Design open systems so developers can build on each other
• Over-arching system for debugging
• Successful business model
• User interfaces for people to interact with multiple systems
Disappearing Hardware
• Focus is on task completion
• Users are accustomed to articulating the task rather than their goal. Makes it difficult for systems to know user intent.
• Trends
o Hardware devices have become software. Spellchecker, calculator, and translators.
o PC has become a generalized device. Platform.
• Huge progress has been made since 1990s. Memory, storage, device size.
• Discussion
o (Now) Q2 2006. 2.2B cell phone users
o Does our vulnerability increase with technologies like cell phone over land line phone networks?
o Much of the vulnerability is due to how these systems were designed.
o Government could mandate infrastructure. Then there are security concerns and the business model has a more difficult time evolving.
o Phone booths and cell phones in cars vs individual cell phones
Personal Systems
• Intrusive
• Limited by computational ability (technology)
• Personal servers
Infrastructure Systems
• Shrinking sensors to dust particle size.
• Discussion
o Difficult to shrink the battery
o What is infrastructure? Wallet example. Infrastructure allows the money to be transformed into food, etc. On a desert island, the wallet is useless. Cell phone would be useless in the middle of the ocean.
What we need for UbiComp
• Wireless needs to be faster and robust
• Better displays
• Can we do better than original technology (i.e. pen and paper)? Must get before it will be adapted.
Interaction techniques
• Using stylus on very small devices.
• Discussion
o A device that is appropriate for older people or when wearing gloves isn’t appropriate for young people in normal environment.
o Interface type depends on the task. Sudoku vs internet navigation on a phone.
o Nintendo DS – stylus or touch interface
o Wacom tablets
o Shrinking technology and different interaction techniques. What do we really want? vs What are we now capable of building?
• Touch-based devices. Must be task-specific to work. Dynamic touch keyboards – no tactile feedback.
• Discussion on energy
o Batteries grow at 10% rate as opposed to Moore’s law exponential rate
o Small capacitor with power of a AA and can recharge in 30 seconds.
o What can we learn from biology? Can energy be harvested from microorganism?
o Use of kinetic energy. Recharge while walking.
o Environmental vibrations being used to power or recharge devices. Power through light or sounds waves. Essentially this is wireless power transmission.
o Multiple power sources. Radio example has hand-crank, solar, AC, DC.
Future
• Quick access to information
• Integration of computers and real world
• Proactive systems predicting user needs
o Healthcare, insulin pump
Optional Reading
• Scenarios of the future.
o ORA informs traveler about bandwidth availability.
o Handheld device allows man to finish presentation. Automatic transfer of presentation to desktop PC. ORA detects private information in presentation and hides it from audience.
Challenges
• Power. Fuel cells look promising.
• Size and Weight. Reduces over time.
• User Interface – How can we design this for invisible devices
• Interaction Design
Discussion
• Is wireless becoming a “utility” much like water and electricity.
• Free wireless for urban environments.
• Wireless in parks.
• Municipal regulations over wireless because it cuts into
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