Beyond prototypes



Beyond prototypes

Social and economic challenges

Results from experiments concerning how we can solve these

Advances in technology make UbiComp more possible

• Cheaper hardware

• Smaller hardware

• GPS, active badge hardware

• Social (privacy) concerns: are people getting more comfortable being videotaped.

• Discussion

o London’s CCTV public camera “reality TV”

o Not doing anything illegal so what’s the problem?

o Implications on safety?

o If this gets more and more cheap how can people get access to it (courts, etc)

o Is there a parallel to when cameras first came out there were serious concerns?

o Combination cell phone / camera devices

o Stanford recording lectures and being broadcaster inappropriately focusing on women. Similar unprofessional uses of cameras by security guards.

o Less scary because there is no easy way to search. (i.e. “where was John today?”)

o Building security kept local vs. broadcast to public

• World Wide Web

o People have become accustomed to web portals. Helped reduce attachment to a single device.

o Multiple device adoption. We aren’t quite there yet.

• Mobile Communications

o SMS approaching 1 billion per day

o Multiple use devices

o SIM cards – separate phone as a device from “my phone”

Broader System Challenges

• How can these devices communication together?

• Conflicting systems should automatically resolve this. A next generation of plug-and-play is needed.

• Very difficult to predict user intent. Predicting the intent is key to building a system of systems.

• Discussion

o System trust. Systems have to know when to trust each other. Can we do this without user intervention?

o Example – printer fetching drivers automatically

o Do users need to know which devices are talking to each other. There might be reasons to show what systems are communicating.

o Debugging ubicomp interfaces. If some of the devices don’t have a user interface how do developers debug them? Is having a single over-arching system an answer for this?

• Social and legal challenges: Personal data collection and discarding. Will systems start to suggest when we want?

• Economic concerns: If there are many services will users pay for them? Different business models.

• Discussion

o Parking lot example. Could a system like this pay for itself?

o Restaurant location used to be very important in order to be successful. If we have systems that tell us these things does location become less important? Can a business model be built are referring customers to businesses to pay for the technology.

o There aren’t incentives for many businesses to share information about inventory or waiting lines. ATMs evolved like this because once one place came out with one every bank had to.

• Discussion of social impact of UbiComp

o Social behavior or recommender systems. How do you decide where to go with friends.

o Some research has been done with systems teaching users how to take care of their homes.

o System abuse and cultural differences (values and norms). Misbehavior of people; hackers. Is Wikipedia is a test of this?

o Having a goal of a perfect society where everyone is under surveillance isn’t realistic.

o People using pictures and the web to change people’s behavior. (i.e. , etc)

o Can an economic model solve problem of society.

o Speedometer on side of the road does temporarily change driver behavior

o Social boundaries already exist and how these are shaped by technology

o Government intervention – GPS in cell phones

What do we need to ubicomp to be successful?

• Better forum to discuss projects and results

• Actual deployment, not just a demo.

• Design open systems so developers can build on each other

• Over-arching system for debugging

• Successful business model

• User interfaces for people to interact with multiple systems

Disappearing Hardware

• Focus is on task completion

• Users are accustomed to articulating the task rather than their goal. Makes it difficult for systems to know user intent.

• Trends

o Hardware devices have become software. Spellchecker, calculator, and translators.

o PC has become a generalized device. Platform.

• Huge progress has been made since 1990s. Memory, storage, device size.

• Discussion

o (Now) Q2 2006. 2.2B cell phone users

o Does our vulnerability increase with technologies like cell phone over land line phone networks?

o Much of the vulnerability is due to how these systems were designed.

o Government could mandate infrastructure. Then there are security concerns and the business model has a more difficult time evolving.

o Phone booths and cell phones in cars vs individual cell phones

Personal Systems

• Intrusive

• Limited by computational ability (technology)

• Personal servers

Infrastructure Systems

• Shrinking sensors to dust particle size.

• Discussion

o Difficult to shrink the battery

o What is infrastructure? Wallet example. Infrastructure allows the money to be transformed into food, etc. On a desert island, the wallet is useless. Cell phone would be useless in the middle of the ocean.

What we need for UbiComp

• Wireless needs to be faster and robust

• Better displays

• Can we do better than original technology (i.e. pen and paper)? Must get before it will be adapted.

Interaction techniques

• Using stylus on very small devices.

• Discussion

o A device that is appropriate for older people or when wearing gloves isn’t appropriate for young people in normal environment.

o Interface type depends on the task. Sudoku vs internet navigation on a phone.

o Nintendo DS – stylus or touch interface

o Wacom tablets

o Shrinking technology and different interaction techniques. What do we really want? vs What are we now capable of building?

• Touch-based devices. Must be task-specific to work. Dynamic touch keyboards – no tactile feedback.

• Discussion on energy

o Batteries grow at 10% rate as opposed to Moore’s law exponential rate

o Small capacitor with power of a AA and can recharge in 30 seconds.

o What can we learn from biology? Can energy be harvested from microorganism?

o Use of kinetic energy. Recharge while walking.

o Environmental vibrations being used to power or recharge devices. Power through light or sounds waves. Essentially this is wireless power transmission.

o Multiple power sources. Radio example has hand-crank, solar, AC, DC.

Future

• Quick access to information

• Integration of computers and real world

• Proactive systems predicting user needs

o Healthcare, insulin pump

Optional Reading

• Scenarios of the future.

o ORA informs traveler about bandwidth availability.

o Handheld device allows man to finish presentation. Automatic transfer of presentation to desktop PC. ORA detects private information in presentation and hides it from audience.

Challenges

• Power. Fuel cells look promising.

• Size and Weight. Reduces over time.

• User Interface – How can we design this for invisible devices

• Interaction Design

Discussion

• Is wireless becoming a “utility” much like water and electricity.

• Free wireless for urban environments.

• Wireless in parks.

• Municipal regulations over wireless because it cuts into

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