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Chapter 11Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution Begins1700s – Most people were farmers. Cloth, tools, and furniture were made by hand1800s – People began to make cloth and other goods in factoriesInventors created machines for the British TEXTILE (cloth or fabric) industry Spun cotton faster than a hand-powered spinning wheel1790 – British mechanic, Samuel Slater, open the first cotton-spinning mill in the USSet on a river in Rhode Island39909751143000Water power drove the machines in the millEli Whitney1793 - Invented a cotton gin. Helped clean the cotton Helped to make cotton the nation’s largest exportDue to his success, Whitney was hired to make 10,000 guns for the US government a few years later. To make them quickly and at less cost, he used interchangeable parts.Any part could fit into a gun of similar design.Used a system of MASS PRODUCTION (making many parts at once)Increased PRODUCTIVITY (amount of goods and services produced by workers in a certain amount of time)4133850178435001814 – Francis Cabot Lowell, an ENTREPRENEUR (a person who takes risks to start a business), built a mill that had both cotton-spinning machines and power looms to weave cloth. First in the world to turn raw cotton into finished cloth under the same roofMany others soon followedEmployed many people Girls and young women from the New England countrysideSome as young as 10 years oldLived in BoardinghousesWorkday began at 5:00AM and ended at 7:00PM (with one hour of free time)Still found time to take classes, learn new languages, and writeNew forms of transportation moved people and goods faster than everBefore now, travel over land took a long time and was difficult. right9525000Early roads were very narrow dirt paths barely wide enough for a horse and carriageRain turned roads into mudSnow and ice blocked roads in the winter1811 – Federal government began the National Road to connect Ohio with the east. 1833 – stretched from Cumberland, Maryland to Columbus, OhioWide and paved with flat stonesBecame the most heavily traveled road in the US. Towns and businesses were built alongside the roads. Roads were still poor to drive on, so rivers and canals were the fastest and cheapest ways to ship goods. 1807 – Robert Fulton’s new steam-powered boat made a trip from New York City to Albany, New York in 32 hours. Until then, boats needed oars, wind, or a water current1825 – Erie Canal opened.Connected the Hudson River and Lake ErieMany more canals were built. 38576251714500Steam locomotives created even bigger changes Trains pulled by locomotives were fast. They moved on hills effortlessly. A trip from New York City to Albany, New York took 32 hours on Steamboat, but only 10 hours by train. By 1850, the nation had 9,000 trains and more were being built every day! Industrial Revolution changed life on the farmsCyrus McCormick built a horse drawn reaperSharp blades that cut grainHarvesting an acre of wheat by hand took 20 hours. By the reaper, it took an hour.John Deere invented a steel plowCould cut through tough soil that would break a regular, wooden plowImmigrants and ReformersPeople had been coming to North American from European countries since 1500s. Between 1840 and 1860, the number of IMMIGRANTS (people who move to another country to live) rose sharply. right183515004 million Europeans came to the US during this time. ? Irish, 1/3 German, and the rest came from other parts of Europe. Germans were leaving Europe because of war and crop failuresMany settled in the MidwestThose with money, education, and skills bought land and started farmsSome found work in Midwestern citiesThe Irish Potato FAMINE (widespread shortage of food) caused many Irish people to leave their countryWhen a disease destroyed Ireland’s potato crop, more than a million Irish people died. When they arrived in the US, most didn’t have enough money to buy land or leave the port city where they landed. Men and women settled in the cities of the NE to work in factories, as servants, or as builders of canals and railroads. Some people disliked immigrants because their customs seemed unusual to them. Many immigrants worked for very little money because they needed jobs. People thought immigrants were taking the jobs from them. Many people were losing jobs. Blacksmiths, weavers, and other crafts people were being replaced by machinesMaking a Better Society 1820s – a rise in religious feeling spread throughout the US421957512573000Thousands joined Christian churchesCalled Second Great AwakeningMany people were inspired to change SOCIETY (all the people living in the same country)People worked to improve through REFORM (an action that makes something better)TEMPERANCE (controlling/cutting back of alcohol) Women worked for reformAntislavery movementRealized that they faced INJUSTICE (unfair treatment that abuses a person’s rights)Never spoke to audiences that included menExpected to stay silent in public meetingsCould not voteSmall number of low-paying jobs were available to womenEverything a woman had belonged to her husband (even if she earned it)1848 – group of women held a convention in Seneca Falls, NY to discuss rights300 people attendedElizabeth Cady StantonLeader of the Convention“all men and women are created equal”Susan B. AnthonyTraveled across the country, giving powerful speeches and working to change the laws. Newspapers attacked Stanton and Anthony. People did not feel that a woman’s role should be changed. 3657600889000Texas and the Mexican War1821 – First settlers from the US arrived in Texas in search of inexpensive landTexas was a part of MexicoWithin 10 years, there were more Americans than Mexicans in TexasMexico passed laws to stop settlers from moving to Texas, but they continued to comeSettlers did not obey Mexican lawsSettlers brought slaves, even though slavery was illegal in MexicoBreaking awayTexans (Americans who had settled in Texas) wanted to break away from Mexico Many Tejanos (Mexicans who lived in Texas) wanted to break away from MexicoDid not like the laws made by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Mexico’s President)Tejanos and Texans rebelled against Mexico to gain Independence 1836 – Santa Anna led a large army to San Antonio to stop the rebellionGoal was to capture the AlamoFewer than 200 Texans and Tejanos defended the fortMost of them were killedTexan leaders voted to officially declare independence from Mexico and form the Republic of TexasSam Houston was chosen as the leader of the armyExperienced soldier who fought beside Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812Led a surprise attack on Santa Anna’s army at San JacintoTexans shouted, “Remember the Alamo!” as they defeated the troops and captured Santa Anna. To gain his freedom, Santa Anna gave Texas its independence. Republic of TexasHeld its first election in September 1836Sam Houston elected PresidentMade slavery legalVoted to join the USTexans did not want to be part of Mexico, but they were in favor of ANNEXATION (act of joining two countries or pieces of land together) by the US. Martin Van Buren (current US President) was against annexationFeared it would lead to war with Mexico Did not want to add a new state that allowed slavery because many Americans were against it. 3076575698500Supporters of annexation argued that it was the nation’s destiny to expand west. This belief was called the Manifest Destiny. Manifest means obvious. Destiny means it will happen in the future. 1845 – President James Polk and Congress voted to annex Texas. War with MexicoWhen Texas joined the US, Mexico wanted the border to be at the Nueces River. President Polk wanted it to be the Rio Grande River. Pole sent soldiers into Texas.Asked Congress to declare war with Mexico on May 13, 1846Fought on 3 FRONTS (where the fighting takes place)Northern Mexico New Mexico American soldiers captured Santa Fe and then headed west to help the US Navy to take control of CaliforniaSouthern MexicoUS soldiers invaded Mexico by sea and marched inland to capture Mexico CityAfter the capture of Mexico City, leaders agreed to discuss a treatyTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848Mexico agreed that the Rio Grande River would be the borderMexico was also forced to turn over a large area of land called the Mexican CESSION (something that is given up)US Paid Mexico $15 million for the cessionMexicans living on the land were allowed to become US citizensMoving WestSouth Pass2514600125730001824, Crow Indians showed a way through the Rocky Mountains that was wide enough for wagons to passBy the 1860s, thousands of people had traveled through the passBecame known as the Oregon Trail2,000 miles longStarted in Missouri and ended in Present-day OregonPassed across the Rocky MountainsMarcus and Narcissa Whitman were two of the first pioneers to travel the Oregon TrailMissionaries who wanted to teach Native Americans about ChristianityTheir place became a place where travelers could rest. John Fremont helped to make maps of the Oregon Trail1,000 people set out on the Oregon Trail in 1843Came from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee3248025952500Traveled in a WAGON TRAIN (a line of covered wagons that moved together)Travelers on the trail faced injuries, diseases, and bad weatherSometimes ran out of food and waterMany settlers settled in OregonPresident Polk believed in Manifest Destiny. He wanted Oregon to belong to the US. Oregon was claimed by both US and Britain1846 – Signed a treaty with Britain to set the border between the Western US and Canada. California Gold Rush1849 – gold was discovered in California344805030670500Thousands of people from the US, Mexico, China, Europe, and South American rushed to dig for goldThese people became known as the forty-niners250,000 people poured into CaliforniaBOOMTOWNS (a town whose population booms, or grows, very quickly) sprang up near the gold mines. Merchants and traders in boomtowns sold food and clothing to the minersPeople published newspapers, opened banks, and inns. 29432259842500Lawyers found work settling arguments. Only lasted 5 yearsSome did find gold, but most did not. Some forty-niners went back home, but thousands stayed.The gold rush changed California. Miners and farmers killed Native Americans and took their landNewcomers also forced many California property owners off their land. By 1850 (two years after becoming a US territory), California had enough people to become a state. ................
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