RSC Article Template (Version 3.2) - ResearchGate
Utilizing Electronic Effects in the Modulation of BTPhen Ligands with Respect to the Partitioning of Minor Actinides from Lanthanides? Ashfaq Afsar,a Dominic L. Laventine,a Laurence M. Harwood,*a Michael J. Hudsona and Andreas GeistbReceived (in XXX, XXX) Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XXDOI: 10.1039/b00000Effects of bromine substitution at the 5 and 5,6-positions of the 1,10-phenanthroline nucleus of BTPhen ligand on their extraction properties for Ln(III) and An(III) cations have been studied. Compared to C5-BTPhen, electronic modulation in BrC5-BTPhen and Br2C5-BTPhen enabled these ligands to be fine-tuned in order to enhance the separation of Am(III) from Eu(III). The spent nuclear fuel produced by a typical light water reactor consists mainly (>98.5%) of uranium and short-lived fission products which do not pose a long term hazard.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZXdpczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1] However, approximately 1 wt % of the spent fuel is composed of plutonium and minor actinides (Am, Cm, Np), which are highly radiotoxic.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZXdpczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTI8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1] The PUREX (Plutonium and URanium EXtraction) process is used to remove Pu and U from spent fuel, so that it can be reused as mixed oxide fuel. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mckibben</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>90</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">90</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>J. M. Mckibben</author></authors></contributors><titles><secondary-title>RadioChim. Acta</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RadioChim. Acta</full-title></periodical><pages>3</pages><volume>36</volume><dates><year>1984</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>D. D. Sood</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>91</RecNum><record><rec-number>91</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">91</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>D. D. Sood, S. K. Patel</author></authors></contributors><titles><secondary-title>J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.</full-title></periodical><pages>547</pages><volume>203</volume><dates><year>1996</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2] However, the remaining high level liquid waste (PUREX raffinate) still contains the minor actinides that account for much of the long-term radiotoxicity of used nuclear fuel. Separation of the minor actinides from the lanthanides and other fission products is a key step in the partitioning and transmutation scenario for reprocessing of used nuclear fuel, and has been achieved using nitrogen-bearing ligands; for instance the 2,6-di(1,2,4-triazine-3-yl)pyridines (BTPs) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Weigl</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>53</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>53</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">53</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weigl, Michael</author><author>Geist, Andreas</author><author>Müllich, Udo</author><author>Gompper, Klaus</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Kinetics of Americium(III) Extraction and Back Extraction with BTP</title><secondary-title>Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange</full-title></periodical><pages>845-860</pages><volume>24</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>//</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Taylor & Francis</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>: 10.1080/07366290600948582</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[3] and 6,6’-bis(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-2,2’-bipyridines (BTBPs)PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5OaWxzc29uPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [4] (see Fig. 1). In a recent development, the 2,2’-bipyridine moiety was replaced by a 1,10-phenanthroline moiety (BTPhen).PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MZXdpczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTE8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1, 5] The effect of this new modification on the ligand extraction properties was startling. The extractions of solutions of CyMe4-BTPhen (DAm ≤ 1000) were about 2 orders of magnitude more efficient than those of CyMe4-BTBP (DAm ≤ 10), and more importantly, the kinetics of extraction were significantly faster, such that full equilibrium was reached within 15 min without the need for addition of a phase transfer agent.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IdWRzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1a, 5-6] During the development of BTPhens, the aliphatic side chains attached to the traizine units of the ligand were varied to increase the solubility in the organic phase or provide a better resistance towards radiolysis. One such BTPhen ligand was tetra pentyl-BTPhen (Fig. 1), denoted henceforth as C5-BTPhen. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>D. M. Laventine</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>D. M. Laventine, A. Afsar, M. J. Hudson, L. M. Harwood</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Tuning the Solubilities of Bis-triazinylphenanthroline Ligands (BTPhens) and Their Complexes</title><secondary-title>Heterocycles</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Heterocycles</full-title></periodical><pages>1419-1429</pages><volume>86</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7] a School of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, UK. E-mail: l.m.harwood@reading.ac.ukb Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany?Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) available: Experimental details and characterization of compounds. See DOI:?10.1039/b000000x/Fig. 1 The work described in this communication primarily focuses on the extraction abilities of this ligand and investigates the influence of subtle electronic effects upon ligand selectivity for the minor actinides over the lanthanides. Although both the lanthanides and actinides are f-block elements, the 4f orbitals in the lanthanides do not extend past the 5d orbitals, whereas the 5f orbitals in actinides do extend further than the 6d orbitals. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nash</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>K. L. Nash</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Separation Chemistry for Lanthanides and Trivalent Actinides</title><secondary-title>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</secondary-title></titles><pages>205-206</pages><volume>18</volume><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Amsterdam</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier Science</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>C. E. Housecroft</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>C. E. Housecroft, A. G. Sharpe</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Inorganic Chemistry</title></titles><edition>3rd edition</edition><section>63-64, 854-856</section><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20-2JE England</pub-location><publisher>Pearson Education Limited</publisher><isbn>978-0-13-175553-6</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8] This means that, although possessing very similar properties, Ln(III)-ligand interactions are considered to be more ionic and less covalent than An(III)-ligand interactions. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nash</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>K. L. Nash</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Separation Chemistry for Lanthanides and Trivalent Actinides</title><secondary-title>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</secondary-title></titles><pages>205-206</pages><volume>18</volume><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Amsterdam</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier Science</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>C. E. Housecroft</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>C. E. Housecroft, A. G. Sharpe</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Inorganic Chemistry</title></titles><edition>3rd edition</edition><section>63-64, 854-856</section><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20-2JE England</pub-location><publisher>Pearson Education Limited</publisher><isbn>978-0-13-175553-6</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8] Thus “softer” ligands bind more effectively to actinides. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nash</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>K. L. Nash</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Separation Chemistry for Lanthanides and Trivalent Actinides</title><secondary-title>Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths</secondary-title></titles><pages>205-206</pages><volume>18</volume><dates><year>1994</year></dates><pub-location>Amsterdam</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier Science</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>C. E. Housecroft</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>C. E. Housecroft, A. G. Sharpe</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Inorganic Chemistry</title></titles><edition>3rd edition</edition><section>63-64, 854-856</section><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20-2JE England</pub-location><publisher>Pearson Education Limited</publisher><isbn>978-0-13-175553-6</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]The 5,6-double bond in phenanthroline can be readily functionalized and we decided to explore the electronic effects of substituents at this position on the ligating selectivity in the BTPhens. 5-Bromo-2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenonthroline 2 was obtained following the literature procedure (Scheme 1). ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mlochowski</Author><Year>1974</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mlochowski, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><secondary-title>J. Rocz. Chem.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J. Rocz. Chem.</full-title></periodical><pages>2145-2155</pages><volume>48</volume><dates><year>1974</year></dates><orig-pub>)</orig-pub><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9] In addition, when excess bromine was used, bromination of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline 1 yielded the novel 5,6-dibromo-2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline 3. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1a, 7] with the modification that the final step was performed with dodecane-6,7-dione ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>J. Strating</Author><Year>1971</Year><RecNum>25</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>J. Strating, S. Reiffers, H. Wynberg</author></authors></contributors><titles><secondary-title>Communications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Communications</full-title></periodical><pages>209-212</pages><dates><year>1971</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[10] in dioxane at reflux, rather than in THF at reflux (Scheme 2).Scheme 2 Synthesis of C5-BTPhen ligandsNMR spectroscopic titrations of ligands with diamagnetic metal salts have been used to determine the stoichiometries of the complexes in solution.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QdW50dXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [11] NMR titrations of the C5-BTPhen 7a with a number of trivalent lanthanide (lanthanum and lutetium) salts were thus performed in deuterated acetonitrile (CD3CN). La(III) (ionic radius = 116 pm) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>C. E. Housecroft</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[8b]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>C. E. Housecroft, A. G. Sharpe</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Inorganic Chemistry</title></titles><edition>3rd edition</edition><section>63-64, 854-856</section><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20-2JE England</pub-location><publisher>Pearson Education Limited</publisher><isbn>978-0-13-175553-6</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8b] and Lu(III) (ionic radius = 98 pm) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>C. E. Housecroft</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[8b]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="0teaarv2mwp5e3epp2gxdsa9zervwdx559tv">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>C. E. Housecroft, A. G. Sharpe</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Inorganic Chemistry</title></titles><edition>3rd edition</edition><section>63-64, 854-856</section><dates><year>2008</year></dates><pub-location>Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20-2JE England</pub-location><publisher>Pearson Education Limited</publisher><isbn>978-0-13-175553-6</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8b] were chosen to give the greatest difference in of the Ln(III) radius. The results of the titrations indicated that the ligand initially formed 2:1 ligand-metal complexes in solution, since conversion to a new species was complete after addition of 0.5 equivalents of metal salt for all lanthanides tested. Subsequent formation of 1:1 complexes was observed upon addition of excess metal salt (Fig. 2-5), although in all cases, the majority of the BTPhen remained bound in 2:1 complexes even in the presence of 3 equivalents of Ln(III).Fig. 2 Stacked 1H NMR spectra (8.0-9.3 ppm) of C5-BTPhen titrated with La(NO3)3.6H2O in CD3CN.Fig. 3 Graph showing C5-BTPhen composition at increasing La equivalents.Fig. 4 Stacked 1H NMR spectra (8.0-9.3 ppm) of C5-BTPhen titrated with Lu(NO3)3 in CD3CN.Fig. 5 Graph showing C5-BTPhen composition at increasing Lu equivalents.In the case of the lanthanum complexes, formation of the 1:1 complex occurred to a greater degree for a given metal concentration, compared to the corresponding lutetium complex. These results suggest that the relative stabilities of 2:1 complexes compared to the 1:1 complexes are greater for lutetium than for the lanthanum complexes. It has been postulated that the 2:1 complex is the extracting species owing to the metal centre being completely enclosed by the hydrophobic shell formed by the two ligands. Ligands 7a, 7b and 7c were also evaluated for their ability to extract Am(III) selectively in the presence of Eu(III) from aqueous nitric acid solutions into 1-octanol. The distribution factor for Am(III) and Eu(III) (DAm and DEu) and the separation factor for americium over europium (SFAm/Eu) for 7a in 1-octanol as a function of the nitric acid concentration of the aqueous phase are shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 6 Extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) by C5-BTPhen 7a in 1-octanol as a function of nitric acid concentration.High selectivity was observed for Am(III) over Eu(III) (SFAm/Eu = ca. 180 at 4M HNO3) and no significant changes in D values were observed for both Am(III) and Eu(III) with increasing HNO3 concentration in the aqueous phase.Similar results were obtained for BrC5-BTPhen 7b in 1-octanol (Fig. 7) but a higher separation factor was observed (SFAm/Eu = 250 at 4M HNO3). However, while the D value for Am(III) remained at 100, the D value for Eu(III) was significantly lower for 7b compared to 7a over the range of HNO3 concentrations.Fig. 7 Extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) by BrC5-BTPhen 7b in 1-octanol as a function of nitric acid concentration.The extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid solutions by 7c in 1-octanol were subsequently investigated and compared with the corresponding data for 7a and 7b. A similar D value for Am(III) was observed (DAm = 100) (Fig. 8) to those found in 7a and 7b but, the D value for Eu(III) was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of 7a, and the resulting separation factor (SFAm/Eu = ca. 800 at 4M HNO3) was superior to those observed for 7a and 7b.Fig. 8 Extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) by Br2C5-BTPhen 7c in 1-octanol as a function of nitric acid concentration.In conclusion, we have reported the synthesis, lanthanide speciation and Am(III)/Eu(III) solvent extraction properties of C5-BTPhen ligands with bromine substitution at the 5 or 5,6-positions of the 1,10-phenanthroline moiety. The presence of bromine did not affect the capacity of the ligands to extract Am(III) but decreased the extraction of Eu(III) from 4M HNO3 with the result that the SFAm/Eu ratios were substantially greater than is the case with C5-BTPhen. The Br atoms inductively withdraw electron density from the rings and we conclude that this reduces the electron donating capacity of the phenanthroline nitrogens making the ligand less effective for complexing with lanthanides.The authors would like to acknowledge the EPSRC and Actinet-I3 for financial support. Use of the Chemical Analysis Facility (CAF) at the University of Reading is gratefully acknowledged.Notes and references ADDIN EN.REFLIST [1] a) F. W. Lewis, L. M. Harwood, M. J. Hudson, M. G. Drew, J. F. Desreux, G. Vidick, N. Bouslimani, G. Modolo, A. Wilden, M. Sypula, T. H. Vu and J. P. Simonin, J Am Chem Soc 2011, 133, 13093-13102; b) F. W. Lewis, M. J. Hudson and L. M. Harwood, Synlett 2011, 2011, 2609-2632; c) F. W. Lewis, L. M. Harwood, M. J. Hudson, M. G. B. Drew, A. Wilden, M. Sypula, G. Modolo, T.-H. Vu, J.-P. Simonin, G. Vidick, N. Bouslimani and J. F. Desreux, Procedia Chemistry 2012, 7, 231-238.[2] a) J. M. Mckibben, RadioChim. Acta 1984, 36, 3; b) S. K. Patil, D. D. Sood, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1996, 203, 547.[3] M. Weigl, A. Geist, U. Müllich and K. Gompper, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2006, 24, 845-860.[4] a) M. Nilsson, C. Ekberg, M. Foreman, M. Hudson, J. O. Liljenzin, G. Modolo and G. Skarnemark, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2006, 24, 823-843; b) E. Aneheim, B. Grüner, C. Ekberg, M. R. S. Foreman, Z. Hájková, E. L?fstr?m-Engdahl, M. G. B. Drew and M. J. Hudson, Polyhedron 2013, 50, 154-163; c) D. Magnusson, B. Christiansen, M. R. S. Foreman, A. Geist, J. P. Glatz, R. Malmbeck, G. Modolo, D. Serrano‐Purroy and C. Sorel, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 2009, 27, 97-106.[5] M. J. Hudson, L. M. Harwood, D. M. Laventine and F. W. Lewis, Inorg Chem 2012.[6] F. W. Lewis, L. M. Harwood, M. J. Hudson, M. G. B. Drew, M. Sypula, G. Modolo, D. Whittaker, C. A. Sharrad, V. Videva, V. Hubscher-Bruder and F. Arnaud-Neu, Dalton Transactions 2012, 41, 9209-9219.[7] A. A. D. M. Laventine, M. J. Hudson, L. M. Harwood, Heterocycles 2012, 86, 1419-1429.[8] a) K. L. Nash in Separation Chemistry for Lanthanides and Trivalent Actinides, Vol. 18 Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 205-206; b) A. G. S. C. E. Housecroft, Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20-2JE England, 2008, p.855.[9] J. Mlochowski, J. Rocz. Chem. 1974, 48, 2145-2155.[10] S. R. J. Strating, H. Wynberg, Communications 1971, 209-212.[11] a) L. N. Puntus, A.-S. Chauvin, S. Varbanov and J.-C. G. Bünzli, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2007, 2007, 2315-2326; b) P. M. Marcos, J. R. Ascenso, M. A. P. Segurado, R. J. Bernardino and P. J. Cragg, Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 496-503; c) B. El Aroussi, N. Dupont, G. r. Bernardinelli and J. Hamacek, Inorganic Chemistry 2009, 49, 606-615; d) P. M. Marcos, J. R. Ascenso, M. A. P. Segurado, P. J. Cragg, S. Michel, V. Hubscher-Bruder and F. Arnaud-Neu, Supramolecular Chemistry 2011, 23, 93-101. ................
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