Model Cellular Respiration
Using Models to Understand Cellular RespirationA scientific model is a simplified representation of reality that highlights certain key features of a process like cellular respiration.These chemical equations are one model of cellular respiration. The curved arrows represent coupled chemical reactions; the top reaction provides the energy needed for the bottom reaction.1a. Describe in words what these chemical equations tell us about cellular respiration.1b. Why do cells need to carry out cellular respiration?2. Add a reverse arrow to show the hydrolysis of ATP. Why do cells carry out the hydrolysis of ATP? This figure presents a model of how cellular respiration occurs inside a cell. It shows the three main stages of cellular respiration and suggests a little of the complexity of the multiple steps of cellular respiration.3. Which inputs and outputs of cellular respiration are missing from this figure? 4. To describe each stage of cellular respiration, choose the best matches (one per blank). (Use one of the matches twice.)Glycolysis ___a. Makes most of the ATP produced by cellular respirationKrebs cycle ___b. Occurs in mitochondria (plural of mitochondrion)Electron transport chain c. Uses glucose as an input + ATP synthase ___ ___5. Explain why mitochondria are often called the powerhouse of the cell.6a. Different types of models have different advantages for understanding cellular respiration. Complete the table below to describe an advantage of each type of model. What This Model Contributes to Your Understanding of Cellular RespirationThe chemical equations on page 1 The figure on page 16b. What are some features of cellular respiration that are shown in both of these models?7. For each type of input molecule listed, explain how our cells get this molecule or how this molecule is made inside each cell. Input MoleculeHow our Cells Get this Molecule orHow this Molecule is Made Inside Each CellGlucoseOxygenADP + P8. Use what you have learned to construct a model of cellular respiration in this drawing of a cell with a mitochondrion. (In an actual cell there are many mitochondria.)Write the three stages of cellular respiration in the appropriate blanks. Label each arrow with an appropriate input or output. (The electron transport chain needs O2 as an input and produces H2O. The Krebs cycle produces CO2. For simplicity, this diagram omits electron transport by NADH, which is discussed on the next page.)Understanding the Structure and Function of MitochondriaIn biology, structure is related to function. One prominent feature of the structure of a mitochondrion is an extensive inner membrane, with many folds. The main function of mitochondria is the production of ATP. These observations suggest the hypothesis that the extensive, folded inner membrane contributes to the production of ATP. We will investigate this hypothesis.9. Explain why the intermembrane space is called “intermembrane”.10. The figure below shows an expanded view of a small part of the cross-section of a mitochondrion in the upper figure. Draw a rectangle in the upper figure that shows the location of the expanded view in the lower figure. (Hint: Check the labels on the left in the figure below.)11. The paragraph below explains how the electron transport chain (ETC) works with ATP synthase to make ATP. Use the information in the lower figure to fill in each blank with “intermembrane space” or “matrix”.The electron transport chain pumps H+ from the matrix to the __________________________ . Therefore, the concentration of H+ is higher in the intermembrane space and lower in the matrix. Because of this difference in H+ concentration, H+ tends to diffuse from the __________________ ___________ to the _______________________. The only place that H+ can diffuse across the inner membrane is through the channels in the ATP synthase molecules. The movement of H+ through ATP synthase provides the energy to make ATP. This is similar to how the flow of water through a turbine provides the energy to generate electricity.12. Imagine a mitochondrion that has electron transport chain proteins and ATP synthase, but no inner membrane. Explain why the ATP synthase would not be able to make ATP.Drawing A shows a magnified cross-section through a real mitochondrion. Drawing B shows a magnified cross-section through a hypothetical mitochondrion with an inner membrane that does not have any folds. 13a. Which mitochondrion would be expected to produce more ATP?mitochondrion Amitochondrion B13b. Explain your reasoning. 14. In biology, structure is related to function. How does the inner membrane of a mitochondrion illustrate the relationship between structure and function? (Hint: Use your answers to questions 12 and 13 as the basis for your answer to this question.) ................
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