Chemistry - NTS



|Chemistry |

|Sr. No. |Core Areas |Percentage |

|1. |Inorganic/ Analytical Chemistry |30% |

|2. |Applied /Environmental Chemistry |15 % |

|3. |Organic / Biochemistry |30 % |

|4. |Physical Chemistry |25 % |

| |Total |100% |

|Chemistry (Detailed) |

|Sr. No. |Core Areas |Percentage |

|1. | |30% |

| |INORGANIC/ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: | |

| |1.1 Basics of Analytical Chemistry: | |

| |1.1.1 Importance of analytical chemistry. | |

| | | |

| |1.1.2 Analytical Sampling: Analytical data, data handling, statistical treatment of data. | |

| | | |

| |1.1.3 Stoichiometry: Stoichiometric calculations, molar concentrations. | |

| | | |

| |1.1.4 Chemical Equilibrium:Law of mass action, degree of dissociations, theoretical principles, | |

| |acid-baseequilibria, solubility equilibria, complexationequilibria. | |

| | | |

| |1.2 Common Analytical Methods: | |

| |1.2.1 Solvent Extraction: Distribution coefficient, distribution ratio, percent extraction, | |

| |solvent extraction of metal complexes. | |

| | | |

| |1.2.2 Chromatography: Principles and theory, types of chromatography, paper chromatography, thin | |

| |layer chromatography, column and gas chromatography. | |

| | | |

| |1.2.3 Electrogravimetry: Theory and principles, instrumentation, separation of metal ions, | |

| |applications. | |

| | | |

| |1.2.4 Voltammetry: Basic principles, Instrumentation and applications. | |

| | | |

| |1.2.5 Conductometry: Basic principles, Instrumentation and applications. | |

| | | |

| |1.3 Spectrometry and Spectrophotometry: | |

| |1.3.1 Spectrometry: Basic concepts, classification, theoretical concepts. | |

| | | |

| |1.3.2 UV/visible spectrophotometry: Introduction, Lambert-Beer Law, deviations, applications. | |

| | | |

| |1.3.3 Molecular Spectrophotometry. | |

| | | |

| |1.3.4 Molecular structure and spectral transitions: Measurement of spectra, light | |

| |scattering-elastic and inelastic, absorption and emission spectroscopy. | |

| | | |

| |1.3.5 Absorption spectroscopy in UV-Visible region: Absorbance and transmittance, applications and | |

| |deviations of Beer-Lambert law, spectral resolution and errors in concentration measurements, | |

| |applications and comparison of fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy, spectral interferences | |

| |and spectra of mixtures, chemical interferences, instrumental interferences. | |

| | | |

| |1.3.6 Instrumentation: Wavelength separations, sources and detectors for electromagnetic | |

| |radiations. | |

| | | |

| |1.4 Derivative Spectroscopy: | |

| |1.4.1 IR and Raman spectroscopy: Vibrational frequencies, qualitative analysis, IR spectra and | |

| |Raman spectra, samples for IR and Raman spectroscopy, band intensities and quantitative interpretation| |

| |i.e., correlation charts and tables, IR and Raman spectrophotometers. | |

| | | |

| |1.5 Atomic Spectroscopy: | |

| |1.5.1 Origin of spectral transitions in atoms: Atomic spectra and spectral notations, intensities | |

| |and line widths of gas-phase atomic spectra and its variations with temperature and pressure. | |

| | | |

| |1.5.2 Absorption & emission spectra: Boltzman distribution, spectral line broadening, background | |

| |correction, factors affecting atomization/ionization. | |

| | | |

| |1.5.3 Atomic absorption and emission methodologies: Optimization of analytical conditions, | |

| |concentration ranges in atomic spectroscopy. | |

| | | |

| |1.5.4 Interferences: Spectral, physical, chemical and instrumental and their elimination. | |

| | | |

| |1.5.5 Optical components of atomic absorption/emission spectrophotometers: Radiation sources, | |

| |atomizers, monochromators and detectors, modulation in atomic spectroscopy. | |

| | | |

| |1.5.6 Flame photometry: Flame characteristics and spectral interferences, components of flame | |

| |photometer, non-metals and flame photometry. | |

| | | |

| |1.5.7 Sampling: Sample and standard preparation methods for atomic spectroscopy. | |

| | | |

| |1.5.8 Qualitative and quantitative applications of absorption and emission measurements. | |

| | | |

| |1.6 Thermal Methods of Analyses: | |

| |1.6.1 General introduction, principles and instrumentation, thermogravimetry, differential thermal | |

| |analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, evolved gas detection, evolved gas analysis. | |

| | | |

| |1.6.2 Applications: Applications of thermal techniques in analysis of different materials. | |

| | | |

| |1.7 Inorganic Chemistry: | |

| |1.7.1 Periodic Table: Periodic classification and periodic Properties of elements. | |

| | | |

| |1.7.2 Theories of chemical bonding: Valence bond theory, VESPR theory and Molecular orbital theory.| |

| | | |

| |1.7.3 Shapes of Inorganic molecules: Electronic attractions and repulsions. | |

| | | |

| |1.7.4 Acids and Bases: pH and pOH, pKa and pKb and their importance and applications. | |

| | | |

| |1.7.5 All theories of acids and bases with examples, i.e., Arrhenius, Bronsted Lowry, Lewis acid | |

| |and bases, Hard acids and hard bases, Soft acids and soft bases (SHAB). | |

| | | |

| |1.7.6 Chemistry of Interhalogens: examples and explanation, pseudohalogens and poly | |

| |Halides. | |

| | | |

| |1.7.7 Chemistry of d-block and f-block elements: | |

| |General Properties and applications. | |

| |Metallic bonding. | |

| |Crystal field theory: field splitting, the role of strength of legend. | |

| |Molecular orbital theory. | |

| | | |

| |1.7.8 Coordination chemistry: Preparation and reactions, stability constants, stereochemistry of | |

| |coordination complexes, nomenclature, Kinetics and mechanism of coordination. Applications of | |

| |coordination complexes, geometry of coordination compounds. | |

| | | |

| |1.7.9 Lanthanide and Actinides: Occurrence, preparation and chemistry of compounds. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |1.8 Chemistry of Non-aqueous Solvents: | |

| |1.8.1 General Properties: Classification, types of reactions. | |

| | | |

| |1.8.2 Chemistry of Non-aqueous solvents: NH3, HF, CH3COOH, H2SO4, SO2, Br F3, N2O4 . | |

| | | |

| |1.8.3 Reactions in fused salt systems: effect of temperature. | |

| | | |

| |1.8.4 Rings and cages: clatherates, inorganic rings, chains and cages of B, Si, N, P and S. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |1.9 Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds: | |

| |1.9.1 Metal Carbonyls: carbonyl halides, carbonyl chlorides, metal nitrosyls and related compounds.| |

| | | |

| |1.9.2 Organometallic Compounds: Chemistry and bonding of metal sigma and pi complexes, catalysis by| |

| |organometallic compounds, complexes of molecular nitrogen and oxygen. | |

|2. | |15 % |

| |APPLIED /ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: | |

| |2.1 Industrial Chemistry: | |

| |2.1.1 Material Industries:Glass, ceramics, cement. | |

| | | |

| |2.1.2 Chemical Industries: Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, sodium carbonate, fertilizers i.e., urea, | |

| |ammonium nitrate, phosphate fertilizers, soaps and detergents. | |

| | | |

| |2.1.3 Metallurgical industries: Iron and steel, calcium, copper and aluminium. | |

| | | |

| |2.1.4 Other Important Issues: Percentage yield, selection of raw materials, waste minimization. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |2.2 Environmental Chemistry: | |

| | | |

| |2.2.1 Cycles of matter: carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulphurcycle and phosphorous cycle. | |

| | | |

| |2.2.2 Air pollution:organic air pollution, inorganic air pollution, PCDD’s, PCDF’s, | |

| |insecticides/pesticides, ozone depletion, acid rain, photochemical smog, Aerosols. | |

| | | |

| |2.2.3 Water pollution. | |

| | | |

| |2.2.4 Soil pollution. | |

| | | |

| |2.2.5 Noise pollution. | |

|3. | |30 % |

| |ORGANIC / BIOCHEMISTRY: | |

| |3.1 Organic Chemistry: | |

| | | |

| |3.1.1 Structure and Bonding: Ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent and hydrogen bonds,Sigma (σ-) and| |

| |pi (π-) bonds. Hybridisation,Inductive effects. hyperconjugation and mesomeric effects .Acidity and | |

| |basicity . Lewis acids and bases .Basicity and hybridisation .Acidity and aromaticity. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.2 Functional Groups: Functional groups , Alkyl and aryl groups , nomenclature and Drawing | |

| |organic structures. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.3 Stereochemistry: Isomerism , Conformational isomers,Configurational isomers, Cis- and | |

| |trans-isomerism , Optical isomers,Enantiomers,The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (R and S) nomenclature,The D and | |

| |L nomenclature ,Diastereoisomers, Diastereoisomers versus enantiomers. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.4 Reactivity and Mechanism: Nucleophiles and electrophiles, Carbocations, carbanions and carbon| |

| |radicals, General types of reaction ,Polar reactions (involving ionicintermediates),Addition reactions| |

| |,Elimination reactions, Substitution reactions, Rearrangement reactions. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.5 Radical reactions, Pericyclic reactions,Reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.6 Alkyl Halides:Halogenation of alkanes,alcohols,alkenes. The SN2, SN1 and SNi (substitution, | |

| |nucleophilic, bimolecular) reactions.Neighbouring group participation (or anchimeric assistance). | |

| | | |

| |3.1.7 The SN2′ and SN1′ reactions, The E2 (elimination, bimolecular) reaction, The E1 (elimination,| |

| |unimolecular) reaction ,Substitution versus elimination. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.8 Alkenes and Alkynes :Markovnikov Addition ,anti-Markovnikov addition. Addition of hydrogen | |

| |halides, bromine and water to alkenes and alkynes.Oxidation by peroxycarboxylic acids (RCO3H) and | |

| |hydrolysis of epoxides to give anti- dihydroxylation .Reaction of alkenes and alkynes with ozone , | |

| |carbenes,hydrogen and dienes.Formation of alkynyl anions. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.9 Benzenes: Halogenation, Nitration and Sulfonation. Friedel–Crafts alkylation and acylation. | |

| |Reactivity of substituted benzenes and benzene rings: activating and deactivating substituents | |

| |.Orientation of reactions .Ortho-/para-directing activators, Ortho-/para-directing | |

| |deactivators.Meta-directing deactivators.Steric effects versus electronic effects. Nucleophilic | |

| |aromatic substitution .Reduction of the benzene ring .The synthesis of substituted benzenes | |

| |.Electrophilic substitution of pyridine pyrrole, furan and thiophene. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.10 Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic addition reactions.Relative reactivity | |

| |of aldehydes and ketones. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.11 Types of nucleophiles: The Cannizzaroreaction.Nucleophilic addition of carbon nucleophiles: | |

| |formation of C_C bonds. Reaction with cyanide organometallics and phosphorus ylides: the Wittig | |

| |reaction. | |

| |Nucleophilic addition of oxygen nucleophiles: formation of hydrates and acetals. | |

| | | |

| |Addition of alcohols: hemiacetal and acetal formation. | |

| |Nucleophilic addition of sulfur nucleophiles and amine nucleophiles. | |

| |Formation of imines and enamines.Reactions of imines, oximes and hydrazones. | |

| |Keto–enoltautomerism.Halogenation of enolates.Alkylation of enolate ions | |

| |Crossed or mixed aldol reactions. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.12 Carbonyl Compounds: Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives:Structure and Reactivity.Nucleophilic | |

| |acyl substitution reactions. Relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives .Reactivity of | |

| |carboxylic acid derivatives versus carboxylic acids .Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives versus | |

| |aldehydes/ketones.Nucleophilic substitution reactions of carboxylic acids. Nucleophilic substitution | |

| |reactions of acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, esters and amides. Nucleophilic addition reactions of | |

| |nitriles.Α-Substitution reactions of carboxylic acids Carbonyl–carbonyl condensation reactions .The | |

| |Claisen condensation reaction IntramolecularClaisen condensations: the Dieckmann reaction. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.13 Aromaticity :Criteria of Aromaticity.The Energy Criterion for Aromaticity .Structural | |

| |Criteria for Aromaticity .Electronic Criteria for Aromaticity .Relationship among the Energetic, | |

| |Structural, and Electronic.Aromaticity in Charged Rings.Homoaromaticity.Fused-Ring | |

| |Systems.Heteroaromatic Systems. | |

| | | |

| |3.1.14 Spectroscopy:Mass spectrometry, Isotope patterns. Determination of molecular Formula. | |

| |Fragmentation patterns .Chemical ionisation .The electromagnetic spectrum .Ultraviolet spectroscopy | |

| |Infrared spectroscopy .Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy .1H NMR spectroscopy.Chemical shifts | |

| |.Spin–spin splitting or coupling. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |3.1.15 Synthetic Polymers: Addition polymers.Condensation polymers. Mechanical properties: Tensile | |

| |strength: Young's modulus of elasticity.Transport properties: Phase behavior: Glass transition | |

| |temperature.Polymer degradation. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |3.2 Biochemistry: | |

| | | |

| |3.2.1 Carbohydrates: Chemistry and structure of monosaccharides.Deoxy sugars. Hemiacetals and | |

| |hemiketalsMutarotation. Fischer and Haworth projections. | |

| |Chemistry and structure of Disaccharides: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Trehalose,Turanose and | |

| |Cellobiose. Mutarotation. Fischer and Haworth projection | |

| |Trisaccharides: Raffinose ,Melezitose and Maltotriose. | |

| |Polysaccharide: Glucose/Glucan: Glycogen · Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin) · Cellulose Dextrin/Dextran ·| |

| |Beta-glucan (Zymosan, Lentinan, Sizofiran) | |

| |Fructose/Fructan: Inulin, Mannose/Mannan N-Acetylglucosamine: Chitinhemiacetals orhemiketals | |

| |(depending on whether they are aldoses or ketoses. Mutarotation Fischer and Haworth projection. | |

| | | |

| |3.2.2 Lipids: Classification of Lipids .Waxes, oils and fats.Triacylglycerol, Glycerophopholipids | |

| |and sphingomyleins.Steroids: bile acids, cholesterol, ergosterol, vitamin D, estrogens, gastrogens, | |

| |androgens, adrenocortical hormones. | |

| | | |

| |3.2.3 Amino acids, peptides and proteins: Classification of amino acids.Primary secondary tertiary,| |

| |quaternary structure, Sequence analysis, C and N-terminal determination. | |

| | | |

| |3.2.4 Enzymology: Structures and mechanisms. Enzyme Specificity. "Lock and key" | |

| |model.Allostericmodulation.Cofactors and coenzyme. Enzyme Kinetics and Thermodynamics. | |

| |Enzyme Inhibition. Biological function and Industrial applications. | |

| | | |

| |3.2.5 Nucleic acids:Nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides and Nucleobases. Ribonucleic acids; | |

| |Mrna, tRNA , rRNA , tmRNA. Deoxyribonucleic acids: Replication, Transcription and Translation. | |

| |Biotechnology. | |

|4. | |25 % |

| |PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: | |

| |4.1 Gases________________________________________________1% | |

| | | |

| |4.1.1 Behavior of ideal and real gases. | |

| | | |

| |4.1.2 Deviation of gases from ideal behavior. | |

| | | |

| |4.1.3 Virial coefficients. | |

| | | |

| |4.1.4 Van der Waals equation | |

| | | |

| |4.1.5 Transport properties. | |

| | | |

| |4.1.6 Distribution of energies and speeds; molecular collision and collision theory. | |

| | | |

| |4.1.7 Mixture of gases; the fugacity function. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |4.2 Liquids________________________________________________1% | |

| | | |

| |4.2.1 Partialmolal quantities. | |

| | | |

| |4.2.2 Ideal Solutions: Laws of dilute solutions, Henry’s law, Nernst’s distribution law; Raoult’s | |

| |law; activity and activity coefficients; equilibrium constants; free energy changes in solutions. | |

| | | |

| |4.2.3 Colligative properties: Vapour-pressure lowering, freezing point depression, elevation of | |

| |boiling point and osmotic pressure. | |

| | | |

| |4.2.4 Phase rule: Phase equilibrium, one component system, multicomponent systems. | |

| | | |

| |4.2.5 Laws of dilute solutions: Henry’s law; Nernst’s distribution law; Raoult’s law; activity and | |

| |activity coefficients; equilibrium constants; free energy changes in solutions. | |

| | | |

| |4.2.6 Colligative properties: Vapour-pressure lowering, freezing point depression, elevation of | |

| |boiling point and osmotic pressure. | |

| | | |

| |4.2.7 Phase rule: Phase equilibrium, one component system, multicomponent systems. | |

| | | |

| |4.3 Quantum Mechanics__________________________________3% | |

| | | |

| |4.3.1 Historical background of the development in atomic structure. | |

| | | |

| |4.3.2 Basic concepts of quantum mechanisms; quantum numbers, wave functions; vectors; operators; | |

| |angular momentum; eigen functions. | |

| | | |

| |4.3.3 Schrodinger’s equation and its application to simple system: particle in one-and-three | |

| |dimensional box; rigid rotor; hydrogen atom and hydrogen-like ions. | |

| | | |

| |4.3.4 Treatment of many electron atoms: Paulis’ principle; Hund’s rule; spin-orbit interaction. | |

| |Variation method. Perturbation theory. Molecular symmetry. | |

| | | |

| |4.4 Chemical Kinetics_____________________________________3% | |

| | | |

| |4.4.1 Introduction: Reactions and reaction rate laws, order of reaction, experimental etermination | |

| |of reaction orders, factors influencing reaction rates, elementary reactions ad reaction mechanism. | |

| |Reactions with simple kinetic form; 0th-order, 1st-order, 2nd-order, complex reactions. | |

| | | |

| |4.4.2 Transition state theory: Temperature effects; heat capacity of activation; composite rate | |

| |constants; pressure effects and volume of activation; interpretation of activation parameters. | |

| | | |

| |4.4.3 Reaction mechanisms: Mechanistic interpretation of rate laws, equivalent kinetic expressions, | |

| |kinetically indistinguishable schemes, pH-rate profiles. | |

| | | |

| |4.4.4 Composite reactions: Reversible 1st and higher order reactions, parallel and concurrent | |

| |reactions, consecutive first order reactions; steady state approximation; rate controlling step; | |

| |catalyzed and enzyme catalyzed reactions. | |

| | | |

| |4.4.5 Chain reactions: Decomposition of acetaldehyde; autoxidation of an orange-chromium complex. | |

| | | |

| |4.4.6 Fast reactions: Flow metjods for rapid reactions, shock wave methods, chemical relaxation | |

| |methods, quenching by florescence method, flash and laser photolysis. | |

| | | |

| |4.5 Chemical Thermodynamics__________________________2% | |

| | | |

| |4.5.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics. | |

| | | |

| |4.5.2 Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, concepts of enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, free | |

| |energy and process reversibility. Applications of thermodynamics to chemical systems. | |

| | | |

| |4.5.3 Entropy as a state function. | |

| | | |

| |4.5.4 Helmholtz Free Energy and the Equation of State. | |

| | | |

| |4.5.5 Gibbs Free Energy. | |

| | | |

| |4.5.6 ClausiusClapeyron Equation. | |

| | | |

| |4.5.7 Statistical calculations of thermodynamic free energy. | |

| | | |

| |4.6 Solid State Chemistry__________________________________2% | |

| | | |

| |4.6.1 Unit cells and crystal systems: Lattices and their description: Bravais lattices; Miller | |

| |indices; unit cell contents. Point groups and their relevant classification based in symmetry. | |

| | | |

| |4.6.2 Space groups and crystal structures: Close-packed structures (cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal and| |

| |other packing arrangements). Important structure types (Rutile, Rock Salt, Zinc Blend, Wurtzite. | |

| |Etc.) | |

| | | |

| |4.6.3 Perfect and imperfect crystals: Types of defects with description. Diffusion of ions in | |

| |solids; dislocation; mechanical properties and reactivity of solids. | |

| | | |

| |4.6.4 Theories of electrical conductance: Different types of solids, metals and non-metals. | |

| | | |

| |4.7 Solutions______________________________________________1% | |

| |4.7.1 General Introduction: Role of solutions in chemistry; classification; concept of solute and | |

| |solvent; mixtures and their importance. | |

| | | |

| |4.7.2 Interactions in solutions: Solvent-solvent interactions; solute-solvent interactions. | |

| | | |

| |4.7.3 Electrolyte solutions: Ion-ion interactions; ion-pairing, structure of solvates. | |

| | | |

| |6.7.4 Measurement: Microscopic and macroscopic properties: transport properties. | |

| | | |

| |4.8 Colloids and Surfactants_______________________________2% | |

| |4.8.1 Capillarity: Surface tension, Young and Laplace and Kelvin equations, orientation at | |

| |interfaces, thermodynamics of binary systems, the Gibbs adsorption equation. | |

| | | |

| |4.8.2 Surfactants: Nature and classification, miscellization, solubilization, critical micelle | |

| |concentration, micellarcatalysis. | |

| | | |

| |4.8.3 Emulsion: Emulsion stability, aging and inversion of emulsions, hydrophile-lipophile balance,| |

| |microemulsions, wetting and contact angle. | |

| | | |

| |4.8.4 Colloidal solutions: Rheology of dispersions, static and dynamic light-scattering, lyophobic | |

| |and association colloids, forces in colloidal. | |

| | | |

| |4.9 Surface Chemistry_____________________________________2% | |

| | | |

| |4.9.1 Adsorption: Surface and interface; interfacialtension; adsorption forces, thermodynamics of | |

| |adsorption; porosity; particle size distribution. Physisorption and chemisorptions; adsorption | |

| |isotherms and their types (Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, etc). Force field in fine pores; microporosity. | |

| | | |

| |4.9.2 Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis and gas-solid interface; enzyme catalysis;| |

| |gas reactions at solid surfaces; diffusion limitations and compensations effect. | |

| | | |

| |4.10 Electrochemistry_____________________________________2% | |

| |4.10.1 Basic concepts of electrochemistry: Ideal and non-ideal solutions; electrolyte solutions and | |

| |types of interactions. Ionic activity; ionic equilibria; types of Electrodes and electrochemical | |

| |cells. | |

| | | |

| |4.10.2 Theory of electrolytes: Interfacial phenomenon; electrical double layer: Gouy, Stern, | |

| |Debye-Huckle theory of strong electrolytes. | |

| | | |

| |4.10.3 Electrode kinetics: Difference between controlled potential and controlled current techniques; | |

| |essentials of heterogeneous kinetics, concept and use of exchange current. | |

| | | |

| |4.10.4 The Nerst Equation and its application. | |

| | | |

| |4.10.5 Solution pH determination by EMF measurements. | |

| | | |

| |4.11 Photochemistry______________________________________1% | |

| |4.11.1 Fundamentals: Light and nature of electromagnetic radiations. Electronic structure of atoms; | |

| |term symbols; absorption and emission of radiations. Interaction of light with atoms molecules. | |

| | | |

| |4.11.2 Laws of photochemistry: Photo excited molecules; monophotonic and multiphotonic processes, | |

| |photodissociation. | |

| | | |

| |4.11.3 Organic and inorganic photochemistry: Photo-electrochemistry; photochemical reactions in gas | |

| |phase and in solutions; quantum yield. | |

| | | |

| |4.11.4 Applications: Photographic, photo-polymerization, drugs and pigments, energy conversions. | |

| | | |

| |4.12 Nuclear Chemistry___________________________________2% | |

| |4.12.1 Fundamentals: Brief history, transformation hypothesis, electron-proton hypothesis. | |

| | | |

| |4.12.2 Properties of nucleus: Sub-atomic particles; leptons, baryons, mesons, quarks. Nuclear size and| |

| |density; types of nuclides: isobars, isotones, isomers; mass defect and binding energy. Half-life. | |

| | | |

| |4.12.3 Models of nuclear structure: Nuclear force radii, liquid drop model, shell model. | |

| | | |

| |4.12.4 Equations of decay and growth processes: Successive decay, branched decay; transient and | |

| |secular equilibrium. | |

| | | |

| |4.12.5 Radioactivity: Types of nuclear reactions: α-decay, -β-decay positron emission, electron | |

| |capture and their thresholds. Applications of nuclear chemistry. | |

| | | |

| |4.13 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy_________________3% | |

| |4.13.1 Basic principles and applications. | |

| | | |

| |4.13.2 Rotational levels and Far Infrared Spectra. | |

| | | |

| |4.13.3 Rotational Spectra of Polyatomic molecules. | |

| | | |

| |4.13.4 Microwave Spectroscopy. | |

| | | |

| |4.13.5 Internal rotation. | |

| |4.13.6 Vibrational Energy levels. | |

| | | |

| |4.13.7 Rotational Spectra of diatomic molecules. | |

| | | |

| |4.13.8 Infrared Spectra of CO2, HCL, H2O. | |

| | | |

| |4.13.9 Normal modes of vibration. | |

| |Total |100% |

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