UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE STUDY GUIDE CHAPTERS 1-5 8 ...

UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTERS 1-5 Biology 8th Edition Campbell, Urry et al......

BIG IDEA 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time, with natural selection its major driving mechanism. Darwin's theory, which is supported by evidence from many scientific disciplines, states that inheritable variations occur in individuals in a population. Due to competition for limited resources, individuals with more favorable variations or phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to future generations.

Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. Living systems require free energy and matter to maintain order, grow and reproduce. Organisms employ various strategies to capture, use and store free energy and other vital resources. Energy deficiencies are not only detrimental to individual organisms; they also can cause disruptions at the population and ecosystem levels.

Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. All biological systems are composed of parts that interact with each other. These interactions result in characteristics not found in the individual parts alone. In other words, "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." All biological systems from the molecular level to the ecosystem level exhibit properties of biocomplexity and diversity. Together, these two properties provide robustness to biological systems, enabling greater resiliency and flexibility to tolerate and respond to changes in the environment. Biological systems with greater complexity and diversity often exhibit an increased capacity to respond to changes in the environment.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE Essential knowledge 1.A.1: Natural selection is a major mechanism of evolution. Essential knowledge 1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes. Essential knowledge 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines,

including mathematics. Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved

and are widely distributed among organisms today. Essential knowledge 1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with

supporting scientific evidence. Essential knowledge 1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many different disciplines supports models of the

origin of life. Essential knowledge 2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy. Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the

properties of that molecule.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES LO 1.27 The student is able to describe a scientific hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth. LO 2.1 The student is able to explain how biological systems use free energy based on empirical data that all organisms require constant energy input to maintain organization, to grow and to reproduce. LO 2.6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. LO 2.7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. LO 4.1 The student is able to explain the connection between the sequence and the subcomponents of a biological polymer and its properties. LO 4.2 The student is able to refine representations and models to explain how the subcomponents of a biological polymer and their sequence determine the properties of that polymer. LO 4.3 The student is able to use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect the functionality of the molecule.

VOCAB adaptation adhesion amino acid asymmetric cohesion emergent property eukaryote genome hierarchy organelle organism population prokaryote phylogeny regulation response sample solute tissue vacuum

UNIT 1 buffer carbohydrate cellulose dehydration reaction evaporative cooling hydrogen bond

conformation denature enzyme fatty acid hydrophobic lipid

hydrophilic isotope dissociate enantomer functional group radioactive hormone glycogen solvent specific heat surface tension theory hydrocarbon van der Waals interaction

nucleic acid phospholipids polynucleotides polypeptide protein saturated fat steroid hydrolysis isomer macromolecule monomer substrate polymer saccharide

CHAPTER READING GUIDE (Pearson Active Reading Guide-Holtzclaw and Holtzclaw) Chapter 1: 1) What are the seven properties of life? Give an example for each. 2) What are emergent properties? Give two examples. 3) How is life organized from largest to smallest? 4) What are the recurring themes of biology? Give an example of each theme. 5) What are the three domains? Where do the domains reside in the hierarchy of life on Earth. 6) What two main pointes were articulated in Darwin's The Origin of Species? 7) What did Darwin propose as the mechanism of evolution? Summarize this mechanism. 8) What are the two main types of scientific inquiry? Give an example of each. 9) What is data? 10) Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. Which type would be presented in a data chart and could be graphed? 11) What is an hypothesis? 12) What are the two important qualities of an hypothesis? 13) Are scientific hypotheses ever proven? Explain 14) What is a controlled experiment? 15) The text points out a common misconception about the term controlled experiment. In the snake mimicry experiment, what factors were held constant?

EVOLUTION

Evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time, with natural selection its major driving mechanism. Darwin's theory, which is supported by evidence from many scientific disciplines, states that inheritable variations occur in individuals in a population. Due to competition for limited resources, individuals with more favorable variations or phenotypes are more likely to survive

and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to future

generations.

In addition to the process of natural selection,

naturally

occurring catastrophic and human induced events as well

as random

environmental changes can result in alteration in the

gene

pools of populations. Small populations are especially

sensitive

to these forces. A diverse gene pool is vital for the

survival of

species because environmental conditions change.

Mutations

in DNA and recombinations during meiosis are sources of

variation.

Human-directed processes also result in new genes and

combinations of alleles that confer new phenotypes.

Mathematical approaches are used to calculate changes

in allele

frequency, providing evidence for the occurrence of

evolution

in a population.

Scientific evidence supports the idea that both

speciation

and extinction have occurred throughout Earth's history

and that

life continues to evolve within a changing environment,

thus

explaining the diversity of life. New species arise when

two

populations diverge from a common ancestor and

become

reproductively isolated. Shared conserved core

processes

and genomic analysis support the idea that all organisms

--

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, both extant and extinct

-- are

linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. Elements that are conserved across all three domains are DNA and RNA

as carriers of genetic information, a universal genetic code and many metabolic pathways. Phylogenetic trees graphically

model evolutionary history and "descent with modification." However, some organisms and viruses are able to transfer genetic

information horizontally.

The process of evolution explains the diversity and unity of life, but an explanation about the origin of life is less

clear. Experimental models support the idea that chemical and physical processes on primitive Earth could have produced

complex molecules and very simple cells. Under laboratory conditions, complex polymers and self-replicating molecules can

assemble spontaneously; thus, the first genetic material may not have been DNA, but short sequences of self-replicating

RNA that may have served as templates for polypeptide synthesis. Protobiontic formation was most likely followed by the

evolution of several primitive groups of bacteria that used various means of obtaining energy. Mutually beneficial

associations among ancient bacteria are thought to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.

Natural selection is the major driving mechanism of evolution; the essential features of the mechanism contribute to

the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time. Darwin's theory of natural selection states that inheritable

variations occur in individuals in a population. Due to competition for resources that are often limited, individuals with more

favorable variations or phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent

generations. Fitness, the number of surviving offspring left to produce the next generation, is a measure of evolutionary

success. Individuals do not evolve, but rather, populations evolve.

The environment is always changing, there is no "perfect" genome, and a diverse gene pool is important for the

long-term survival of a species. Genetic variations within a population contribute to the diversity of the gene pool. Changes

in genetic information may be silent (with no observable phenotypic effects) or result in a new phenotype, which can be

positive, negative or neutral to the organism. The interaction of the environment and the phenotype determines the fitness of

the phenotype; thus, the environment does not direct the changes in DNA, but acts upon phenotypes that occur through

random changes in DNA. These changes can involve alterations in DNA sequences, changes in gene combinations and/or

the formation of new gene combinations.

Although natural selection is usually the major mechanism for evolution, genetic variation in populations can occur

through other processes, including mutation, genetic drift, sexual selection and artificial selection.

Inbreeding, small population size, nonrandom mating, the absence of migration, and a net lack of mutations can lead to loss

of genetic diversity. Human-directed processes such as genetic engineering can also result in new genes and combinations

of alleles that confer new phenotypes.

Biological evolution driven by natural selection is supported by evidence from many scientific disciplines, including

geology and physical science. In addition, biochemical, morphological, and genetic information from existing and extinct

organisms support the concept of natural selection. Phylogenetic trees serve as dynamic models that show common ancestry, while geographical distribution and the fossil record link past and present organisms. CHAPTER 2 READING GUIDE

1) Define and give an example of the following terms: matter element compound 2) What four elements make up 96% of all living matter? 3) What is the difference between an essential element and a trace element? 4) What is the atomic number? What is the atomic mass? Give an example of each for an element. 5) Define the following: neutron, proton, electron, atomic number, atomic mass, isotope, electron shells, energy 6) What are isotopes? Use carbon as an example in your explanation. 7) Explain radioactive isotopes and one medical application that uses them. 8) What is potential energy? 9) Explain which has more potential energy in each pair:

a) boy at the top of a slide/boy at the bottom b) electron in the first energy shell/electron in the third energy shell c) water/glucose 10) What determines the chemical behavior of an atom? 11) Define molecule. 12) What type of bond is seen in O2? Explain what this means? 13) What is meant by electronegativity? (THIS IS A KEY BIOLOGY CONCEPT!) 14) Explain the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond and polar covalent bond. 15) Another bond type is ionic bond. Explain what this means. 16) Define anion and cation. 17) What is a hydrogen bond? (THIS IS A KEY BIOLOGY CONCEPT!) 18) Explain van der Waals interactions. 19) Place the type of bonds in order from strongest to weakest. 20) Use morphine and endorphins as examples to explain why molecular shape is crucial in biology. 21) Write the chemical shorthand equation for photosynthesis. What are the reactants and products? 22) Balance the equation. How many carbon dioxide molecules are there? How many glucose molecules? 23) What is meant by dynamic equilibrium?

VIDEO SUPPORT

CHAPTER 3 READING GUIDE

1) What is a polar molecule? Why is water considered polar? 2) Draw and label the + and ? portions of a water molecule. 3) How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form? 4) Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion. 5) What property of water is demonstrated when you see beads of water on a waxed car hood? 6) Which property of water explains the ability of a water strider to walk on water? 7) Define calorie. 8) What does high specific heat mean? How does water compare to alcohol's specific heat? 9) Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat. 10) Summarize ho water's high specific heat contributes to the moderation of temperature. How is this important to life? 11) Define evaporation. What is heat of vaporization? What is heat of fusion? 12) Ice floats. Why? Describe why this property of water is important to support life. 13) What is a solvent; solution; solute? 14) In a coffee cup with sugar, what is the solvent? What is the solute? 15) Explain why water is an excellent solvent. 16) Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. Give an example of each. 17) Explain why oil floats on water in terms of hydrogen bonding. 18) How would you make a 1M glucose solution? 19) Define molarity. 20) What two ions form when water dissociates? 21) What is the concentration of each ion in pure water at 25oC?

22) What has a pH of7? pH is the native log of the hydrogen ion concentration. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of pH 7 water?

23) What is the hydrogen ion concentration of pH =3? pH=12? 24) How many more times acidic is pH 3 compare to pH 5? 25) What is a buffer? 26) What is acid rain? 27) How does increased CO2 in the atmosphere decrease ocean pH?

VIDEO support Animation: Website:

Interactive animation showing how to express pH concentrations mathematically: Interactive animation showing buffer function (click buffer button at top):

CHAPTER 4 READING GUIDE 1) Explain Stanley Miller's experiment including the components necessary for the proper conditions. 2) What was collected in this experiment for chemical analysis? What was concluded from the results? 3) How many valence electrons does carbon have? 4) How many bonds can carbon form? 5) What type of bonds does carbon form with other elements? 6) What type of skeleton chains can carbon form? 7) What is a hydrocarbon? Name two including whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. 8) Explain the difference between isotope and isomer. 9) What are the three types of isomers? Give an example of each. 10) Give an example of an enantiomer and how their pharmacological effect is different. 11) Compare and contrast testosterone and estradiol. How do their shapes affect the function? 12) Define functional group. 13) What are the seven functional groups studied in this course? Compare in a table their structure and functional properties.

Chapter 5 READING GUIDE

1) The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2) Which of the three are called macromolecules. 3) What is a polymer? What is monomer? 4) Monomers are connected in what type of reaction? What is occurring? What is a product in addition to the large molecule? 5) Large molecules are converted to monomers in what type of reaction? What is a reactant in addition to the large molecule? 6) The root words of hydrolysis is: hydro and lysis. What does each root mean? 7) Consider the following reaction

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 becomes C12H22O11 a) the equation is not balanced. It is missing water. Write water on the correct side of the equation. b) Polymers are assembled and broken down in two types of reactions: dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Which type of reaction is this? c) C6H12O6 glucose is a monomer or a polymer? d) When two monomers are joined, a molecule of ________ is always removed. 8) What are the monomers of carbohydrates? 9) Most monosaccharides are some multiple of CH2O. If ribose is C5H10O5 and it's a pentose sugar what would the formula for hexose be? 10) What is the difference between an aldehyde sugar and a ketone sugar?

11) In the ring structure drawing of a sugar where are the carbons? 12) How are the carbons labeled in these structures? 13) When two monomers join to make a polymer they become a disaccharide. Name 3 dissacharides and the monomers that form them. 14) What does the root -ose mean? 15) What is a glycosidic linkage? 16) What does a 1-4 glycosidic link mean? 17) What are the two categories of polysaccharides? Give examples of each. 18) Why can't humans digest cellulose? What animals can? What is the name for cellulose in a human diet?

Lipids 19) What characteristics do all lipids share? Name 5 lipids. 20) What are the building blocks of fat? 21) If a fat is composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule, how many water molecules will be removed to form it? 22) Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats. 23) Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature? 24) List four important functions of fats. 25) What is a trans fat? Why should they be limited in your diet? 26) Describe a phospholipid, including the areas that are hydrophilic and hydrophobic. 27) Why are the tails of phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer in the center?

Proteins 28) Identify five types of proteins and explain their function. 29) The monomers of proteins are amino acids. What are the differences between the amino acids? 30) Study the amino acid table in Chapter 5. Which ones are hydrophobic? Which are hydrophilic? Which are polar? Which are non-polar? What do you see about these lists? Which are acidic? Which are basic? 31) Define: peptide bond, dipeptide, polypeptide 32) What are the four levels of protein structure? What type of bonds can be found at each level? 33) Be able to explain sickle cell disease as it relates to protein structure. 34) What is denaturation? Give three ways a protein can become denatured. 35) What is conformation? What is a change in conformation mean? How does a protein change its conformation? 36) What does the root ?ase mean?

Nucleic Acids 37) What are the chemical components of a nucleic acid? 38) Name the four nitrogen bases. 39) How do ribose and deoxyribose sugars differ? 40) What are the three components of a nucleotide?

VIDEO SUPPORT













 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download