NOTES: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY



INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY - KEY

Chemistry- THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES MATTER UNDERGOES

Matter- ANYTHING THAT HAS VOLUME (TAKES UP SPACE) AND MASS

States of Matter:

SOLID, LIQUID, GAS & PLASMA

Types of Matter:

Element

MADE UP OF ONLY 1 TYPE OF ATOM

ONLY 1 CAPITAL LETTER IN THE SYMBOL OF AN ELEMENT (EX: H, C, O, Cl)

Compound

MADE UP OF 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS CHEMICALLY COMBINED

2 OR MORE CAPITAL LETTERS IN THE SYMBOL OF A COMPOUND (NaCl, H20, CO2)

Mixture

2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES PHYSICALLY COMBINED

Changes in Matter

Physical Change

DOES NOT CHANGE THE IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE

KEY WORDS: MELT, FREEZE, EVAPORATE, DISSOLVE, CONDENSE, RIP/TEAR, BOIL, VAPORIZE

Chemical Change

PRODUCING SOMETHING NEW (CHANGED IDENTITY)

KEY WORDS: BURN, RUST, ROT, COOK/BAKE, REACT

MATTER, PHYSICAL /CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGE

States of Matter:

| |SOLID |LIQUID |GAS |PLASMA |

|SHAPE |DEFINITE SHAPE |TAKES SHAPE OF CONTAINER (NO DEF SHAPE) |TAKES SHAPE OF CONTAINER | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

|VOLUME |DEFINITE VOLUME |DEFINITE VOLUME |FILLS THE CONTAINER (EXPANDS & COMPRESSES) | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

|PARTICLES |TIGHTLY PACKED |CLOSE BUT CAN MOVE (FLOW) |SPREAD APART | |

| |STRONGEST ATTRACTION |MEDIUM ATTRACTION |NO ATTRACTION | |

| | | | | |

|MOTION |VIBRATE AROUND A FIXED POINT |SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER |RANDOM, RAPID MOTION | |

| | |MORE LOOSELY PACKED | | |

| | | | | |

Physical Property: CHARACTERISTIC THAT CAN BE OBSERVED WITHOUT CHANGING THE IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE (EX: COLOR, FREEZE, MELT, BOIL, MASS, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY, TEXTURE, SHAPE, VOLUME)

Chemical Property: A DESCRIPTION OF HOW A SUBSTANCE REACTS OR CHANGES INTO SOMETHING ELSE (EX: REACTS, RUST)

Examples: the pigment is blue _______PHYSICAL PROPERTY_________________________

sodium reacts violently with water___CHEMICAL PROPERTY__________________

wax melts at 82°C____ PHYSICAL PROPERTY _______________________________

iron rusts when left out in the rain_ CHEMICAL PROPERTY______________________

oil floats on water ____ PHYSICAL PROPERTY _______________________________

Physical Change: PROCESS IN WHICH NO NEW SUBSTANCE FORMS

Chemical Change: PROCESS IN WHICH A NEW SUBSTANCE FORMS

Examples:

CO2 is released when alka seltzer is added to water _____CHEMICAL CHANGE___________

Salt dissolving in water ____PHYSICAL CHANGE____________

Baking cookies ___ CHEMICAL CHANGE _____________

Burning coal ___ CHEMICAL CHANGE _____________

PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL

Label each property below as physical (P) or chemical (C):

__P___ 1. moth balls vaporize in the closet __P___ 6. Butter melts at 30°C

__C___ 2. Hydrofluoric acid attacks glass __P___ 7. Sugar dissolves in water

__P___ 3. Chlorine gas liquefies at -35°C __C___ 8. Paint dissolves in acetone

__C___ 4. Hydrogen gas burns in chlorine gas __C___ 9. Baking soda fizzes with acid

__P___ 5. Hydrogen gas pours “up” because it is lighter than air

Determine whether each change below is physical (P) or chemical (C).

__P___ 1. Perfume evaporating on your skin _C____ 5. Wood rotting

__C___ 2. Autumn leaves changing color __P___ 6. Melting copper metal

__C___ 3. Burning sugar __C___7. Baking a cake

__P___ 4. Fogging a mirror with your breath __P___ 8. Slicing potatoes for fries

Classify each term below as physical (P) or chemical (C).

__P___ 1. Boil __P___ 6. Melt

__C___ 2. Burn (combustion) __C___ 7. Bake

__P___ 3. Evaporate __C___ 8. Tarnish

__P___ 4. Dissolve __C___ 9. React

__C___ 5. Rust __P___10. Freeze

Physical/Chemical Properties/Changes

CHEMISTRY: A Study of Matter

© 2004, GPB

2.4

I. Fill in the Blanks

__PHYSICAL__ properties can be observed without chemically changing matter.

___CHEMICAL_____ properties describe how a substance interacts with other

substances. __SOLIDS___ have definite shapes and definite volumes.

__LIQUIDS_____ have indefinite shapes and definiTe volumes. ___GASES______ have

indefinite shapes and indefinite volumes.

Phase changes are __PHYSICAL_______ changes. __FREEZING____ point is the

temperature at which a liquid turns to a solid. It is also equal to the

__MELTING____ point which is the temperature at which a __SOLID_____ turns

to a ___LIQUID____. ____BOILING__________ point is the temperature at which a liquid

turns to a gas, and __CONDENSATION_________ point is the temperature at which a gas turns

to a liquid. Occasionally, a solid turns directly into a gas without turning into a

liquid first. This is called _sublimation____.

II. Label these properties as chemical (C) or physical (P). Be certain to know the

definition of each of these properties.

_C____ combustibility _P____density __P___malleability

_C____tendency to corrode __C___failure to react __P___ melting point

_P____ ductility __P___ odor __P___ texture

_C____ flammability

III. Label these changes as chemical (C) or physical (P).

__C___ digestion of food __C___ explosions __P___ getting a haircut

__C___ lighting a candle __P___evaporation __C___ tarnishing silver

__P___ ice cube melting __C___ formation of acid rain

__P___ crushing rocks __P___ dissolving salt in water

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

TYPES OF MATTER:

pure substance – JUST ONE TYPE OF MATTER (ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS)

mixture - 2 OR MORE TYPES OF MATTER THAT RETAIN THEIR PROPERTIES

|ELEMENT |COMPOUND |MIXTURE |

| | | |

|ONLY ONE SET OF PROPERTIES |2 OR MORE ELEMENTS JOINED BY A CHEMICAL BOND |2 OR MORE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS PHYSICALLY |

| | |COMBINED |

|SIMPLEST TYPE OF MATTER |SEPARATED BY A CHEMICAL REACTION | |

| | |SEPARATED BASED ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES |

|ONE TYPE OF ATOM ONLY (SMALLEST PARTICLE) |ONE SET OF PROPERTIES ONLY | |

| | |COMBINE IN ANY PROPORTION |

|CANT BE BROKEN DOWN IN A NORMAL CHEMICAL REACTION|ELEMENTS COMBINE IN A SPECIFIC PROPORTION | |

| | |HOMOGENEOUS – LOOKS PURE |

| | | |

| | |HETEROGENEOUS – CAN SEE DIFFERENT PARTS |

| | | |

| | |ALLOY – MELTED METALS TOGETHER (EX: BRONZE, |

| | |BRASS, STEEL) |

| | | |

| | | |

SEPARATION OF COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

1. sand, salt and water

FILTER OUT SAND, BOIL OUT WATER

2. water and rubbing alcohol

HEAT ( ALCOHOL BOILS OFF FIRST (DISTILLATION)

3. hydrogen and oxygen in water

4. salt and pepper (demonstration)

PHYSICAL MEANS (PEPPER IS LIGHT SO ATTRACTS TO STATIC)

5. C from H and O in sugar (demonstration)

CHEMICAL MEANS (REACTION BETWEEN SUGAR AND ACID)

SEPARATION OF MIXTURES VOCABULARY

1. filtration

- LIQUID/SOLID

- DOESN’T SEPARATE DISSOLVED SOLUTIONS

- EX: H20 & SAND

- CAN COLLECT THE LIQUID AND SOLID

2. crystallization

- LIQUID EVAPORATES

- SOLID REMAINS BEHIND

- CAN COLLECT JUST SOLID

3. chromatography

- SEPARATING COLORS (PIGMENTS) BASED ON SIZE

- SMALL PIGMENTS TRAVEL FARTHER/HIGHER

ON THE PAPER

4. distillation

- CAN SEPARATE DISSOLVED SOLID IN LIQUID

- CAN SEPARATE LIQUID/LIQUID (USING BOILING POINTS)

- CAN COLLECT LIQUID & SOLID / LIQUID & LIQUID

COMPARE & CONTRAST: sodium (Na), sodium chloride (NaCl) and salt water (NaCl & water)

ANSWERS TO WORKSHEET ON PAGE 8:

1A: SOLID/LIQUID, MIXTURE

1B: GAS, ELEMENT

1C: GAS, MIXTURE

1D: SOLID, COMPOUND

2A: SOLID, COMPOUND

2B: GAS, COMPOUND

2C: LIQUID, MIXTURE

2D: SOLID, ELEMENT

3A: GAS, COMPOUND

3B: SOLID, COMPOUND

3C: GAS, MIXTURE

3D: GAS, ELEMENT

4A: GAS, COMPOUND

4B: LIQUID/GAS, ELEMENT

4C: SOLID, COMPOUND

4D: GAS, MIXTURE

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Determine whether each example or property below is a pure substance. Then label each as an “element” (E), “compound” (C), homogeneous mixture (HO) or Heterogeneous Mixture (HE). Use your own examples to complete the chart.

|Substance? |Example |E, C, HO or HE? |

|NO |1. sand |HE |

|YES |2. salt |C |

|YES |3. pure water |C |

|NO |4. tap water |HO |

|YES |5. aluminum |E |

|NO |6. gasoline |HO |

|NO |7. soda |HO / HE |

|NO |8. an egg |HE |

|YES |9. sugar |C |

|YES |10. copper |E |

|NO |11. steel |HO |

|YES |12. nitrogen |E |

|YES |13. air |HO |

|NO |14. particles combine in any proportion |HO / HE |

|NO |15. appears like one substance, but shows two different boiling points |HO |

|NO |16. only separable by a chemical reaction |C |

|NO |17. MILK |homogeneous mixture |

|YES |18. OXYGEN |element |

|YES |19. CARBON DIOXIDE |compound |

|NO |20. SALAD |Heterogeneous mixture |

MATTER & ENERGY

Energy: ABILITY TO DO WORK

potential energy: STORED ENERGY OR ENERGY OF POSITION (HAS CAPABILITY TO GIVE USABLE ENERGY BUT IS NOT RIGHT NOW)

examples: CHEMICAL BONDS, BATTERY, NUCLEAR ENERGY

kinetic energy: ENERGY OF MOTION

examples: ELECTRICITY, HEAT ENERGY, RIDING A BIKE

Units of Energy: JOULE OR CALORIE

Temperature: AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY OF PARTICLES IN A SAMPLE

Units:

Celsius: °C BASED ON WATER (FREEZES AT 0, BOILS AT 100)

Kelvin: K BASED ON ABSOLUTE ZERO

Absolute zero: 0 K (ALL MOTION STOPS)

Law of Conservation of Energy:

ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED BUT CAN BE CHANGED FROM ONE TYPE TO ANOTHER

EX) SOLAR ENERGY ( ELECTRIC ENERGY (SOLAR PANELS

HEAT/THERMAL ENERGY ( MECHANICAL ENERGY

[pic]

Law of Conservation of Matter/MASS: MATTER CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED

Example: Mg + Oxygen ( Ash

_____ + _____( ________

a. If 10.0g of magnesium metal burns in air, and reacts with 6.6g of oxygen, what mass of ash will form?

10g + 6.6g ( 16.6g

b. If 25g of magnesium metal burn in air, 41.5g of ash are formed. What mass of oxygen reacted with the magnesium?

25g + _____ ( 41.5 g 41.5g – 25g = 16.5g

Try: Sodium (Na) reacts with potassium chloride (KCl) to produce potassium (K) and sodium chloride (NaCl).

Na + KCl ( NaCl + K

_____ ______ ( ______ _______

If 20g of sodium (Na) reacts with 30.g of potassium chloride (KCl) and 15g of potassium (K) are produced, find the mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) also produced.

20g + 30g ( ____ + 15g

50g ( ____ + 15g

50g – 15g = 35g

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