Environmental Chemistry



Science 9 Unit 3: Environmental ChemistryReading Logs – SCIENCE in ACTIONNote – textbook pages correspond to Science in Action Text, a full PDF copy of this text is available on ic #Topic TitleScience in Action PageDueComplete ??or XTeacher Initial1.0 – The Environment is made up of chemicals that can support or harm living things1.1Chemicals in the Environment182 - 1901.2Acids and Bases191 - 1951.3Common Substances Essential to Living Things196 - 2031.4How Organisms Take in Substances204 - 2112.0 – The quantity of chemicals in the environment can be monitored2.1Monitoring Water Quality212 - 2242.2Monitoring Air Quality225 - 2282.3Monitoring the Atmosphere229 - 2353.0 – Potentially harmful substances are spread and concentrated in the environment in various ways 3.1Transport of Materials through Air, Soil and Water237 - 2423.2Changing the Concentration of Harmful Chemicals in the Environment243 - 2473.3Hazardous Chemicals Affect Living Things248 - 2523.4Hazardous Household Chemicals253 - 259Review260 - 269Environmental ChemistrySection 1: The environment is made up of chemicals that can support or harm living thingsChemicals in the environmentp.182-183ChemicalChemical NomenclaturePossible SourceRole in EnvironmentWaterCarbon DioxideOxygenSulfur DioxideAmmonia 6159522923500NitrogenNitrogen Cycle Add arrows and fill in the text boxes to explain the nitrogen cycle:p.184-18526289001270000057150012890500525780012382500342900952500525780010223500-1143009842500297180088265005486400336550036576001479550011430003365500Define NITROGEN FIXATION and explain why it is an essential process. - What biotic factor is responsible for nitrogen fixation and what abiotic factors perform the process?What factors can change the amount of nitrogen that is in the soil?0271145Explain the following statement: “We naturally and unnaturally affect the environment’s chemicals.”p.18500Explain the following statement: “We naturally and unnaturally affect the environment’s chemicals.”p.185Agricultural Activities p.186-187DefinitionPositiveNegativeFertilizersPesticidesIndustrial Processes (P. 190)Industrial processes such as electrical power generation, mineral processing and fertilizer production may release chemicals in to the air. A common industrial process in Alberta is natural gas processing. What is natural gas composed of?How is natural gas processed?What is SOUR GAS and how does it relate to Natural Gas?22860000POLLUTION –p.18500POLLUTION –p.185-11430079375Solid WastesDefinition: p.187Potential Problems:Ways to reduce landfills:(Use our community as an example)00Solid WastesDefinition: p.187Potential Problems:Ways to reduce landfills:(Use our community as an example)3543300927100041148002535555002171700173545500491490020955Waste WaterWhat is sewage and how is it processed? p.188What potential problems arise when a city cannot treat all of its waste water?00Waste WaterWhat is sewage and how is it processed? p.188What potential problems arise when a city cannot treat all of its waste water?445770016211550033147003907155Industrial Processes p.190How does natural gas processing contribute to the issue of pollution?What can be done to reduce its impact?00Industrial Processes p.190How does natural gas processing contribute to the issue of pollution?What can be done to reduce its impact?-2286003678555Fuel Combustion p.188Hydrocarbons + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy(fossil fuels)Describe how the combustion equation above contributes to the issue of pollution.00Fuel Combustion p.188Hydrocarbons + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy(fossil fuels)Describe how the combustion equation above contributes to the issue of pollution.25146002535555002628900935355Processes and Activities that Affect Environmental Chemicals00Processes and Activities that Affect Environmental ChemicalsSection 1.2: Acids and Bases p.191-195-666751079500pH is a measure of…pH scale: As you move between numbers there is a 10 fold difference in the acidity or basic nature of the substance. For example: a solution with a pH of 5 would be 10 times more acidic than pH of _____ and a pH of 12 is 10 times more basic than pH of _____.Complete the pH scale below with at least 6 of the common values and substances as shown on p. 191.06413500-34290095885pH = 0 Strong Acid00pH = 0 Strong Acid822960095885 pH = 14 Strong Base00 pH = 14 Strong Base400050095885pH = 7 Neutral00pH = 7 Neutral1600200180975Describe the process of neutralization: 00Describe the process of neutralization: -1028700180975Define Acid:00Define Acid:What chemicals are the ingredients of acid rain and where do they come from?Negative consequences of acid rain are:How are acidic lakes sometimes treated? 22860026035Define base:00Define base:0253365Name and describe how the two methods for measuring pH work:00Name and describe how the two methods for measuring pH work:Section 1.3: Common Substances Essential to Living Things370205156845001351915144145Essential Elements for Living Things p.196 Our bodies need ____________ elements for normal growth.3 most common are: ______________ _____________ ______________00Essential Elements for Living Things p.196 Our bodies need ____________ elements for normal growth.3 most common are: ______________ _____________ ______________NUTRIENTS p.197Define:-11430040005Nutrients:00Nutrients:3543300-63500-76200-63500Macronutrients:Micronutrients:NutrientImportance in PlantsImportance in HumansNitrogen (N)Phosphorus (P)Potassium (K)Magnesium (Mg)Calcium (Ca)Sulfur (S)800100-114300001290320-114300Essential Elements for Living Things p.19600Essential Elements for Living Things p.196ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ELEMENTSWhat is the difference between an organic and an inorganic element? Types of Organic Elements p.199, 202-203Draw it!What are they?Are found in:CarbohydratesLipidsProteins andAmino AcidsNucleic Acids_________________________________________________________________________________________Define Optimum Amounts and give an example: p.198How can you tell if a plant or animal is NOT receiving optimum amounts of a nutrient?Section 1.4: How Organisms Take in Substances p. 204-206ANIMALSPLANTS 3543300129540Plants rely on __________________ compounds which they turn into _______________ compounds.00Plants rely on __________________ compounds which they turn into _______________ compounds.-228600129540Consumers rely on ____________________ compounds made by __________________ for their energy, growth and repair.00Consumers rely on ____________________ compounds made by __________________ for their energy, growth and repair.Uptake of Materials by Living Things502920081915PASSIVE UPTAKE:Diffusion:OsmosisACTIVE UPTAKE Active Transport:00PASSIVE UPTAKE:Diffusion:OsmosisACTIVE UPTAKE Active Transport:303022015049500-12636528575INGESTION:MECHANICAL DIGESTION:CHEMICAL DIGESTION:Hydrolysis:Nutrients are transported through the body by 00INGESTION:MECHANICAL DIGESTION:CHEMICAL DIGESTION:Hydrolysis:Nutrients are transported through the body by 18288002032000160020017970500Adaptations for Obtaining Nutrients In Various Environments p.208-209EnvironmentAdaptation:Substrate: defineOceanBarren EnvironmentsFoodProvide examples of potential substrates in the environments listed on the left:DesertsGrasslandsTundra-114300-17462500Section 2: The quantity of chemicals in the environment can be monitored. P.212 MONITORING: 2.1 Monitoring Water Quality Explain the following statement: “Clear water does not always indicate high water quality.” p.213Water quality is determined according to…5 Categories of Water Use are…1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Biological Indicators (remember River Watch???)How do the following determine water quality? p.214Microbes: Aquatic Invertebrates:Chemical Factors that Affect Organisms p.215 – 222 (REVIEW and UNDERSTAND PPM on page 216)Dissolved OxygenAcidityPesticidesHeavy MetalsNutrientsSalts such as sodium chloride and magnesium sulfateDepends on…----At what pH do fish begin to disappear?How do pesticides affect water quality?Heavy metals are…High levels of phosphorus and nitrogen impact aquatic environments byAreas most affected by changes in acidity:How can only small amounts create toxic substances?Negative consequences: Acceptable level for most living things is ___________ ppm.Spring acid shock is…Measuring Chemicals and Toxicity p.216, 221The concentration of chemicals in the environment is usually measured in _____________________ which means…Toxicity:LD50 means…6057900000-1047751111252.2 Monitoring Air Quality p.225Air Composition:Air Quality is determined by:Chemical Monitored for Air QualityEffectsFormationSourceReductionSulfur Dioxidep.225Nitrogen Oxidesp.226Carbon Monoxidep.227Ground-Level Ozonep.227 002.2 Monitoring Air Quality p.225Air Composition:Air Quality is determined by:Chemical Monitored for Air QualityEffectsFormationSourceReductionSulfur Dioxidep.225Nitrogen Oxidesp.226Carbon Monoxidep.227Ground-Level Ozonep.227 834199554610000-11176001466852.3 Monitoring Atmosphere Quality p.229-230Greenhouse Effect:CO2 is not considered a toxic pollutant because…but it is a greenhouse gas.Greenhouse gasses are those that…Enhanced greenhouse effect is caused by…Global Warming is…Ozone: p.232Purpose of the ozone layer is…Consequences of a thinning ozone layer are…The cause of a thinning ozone layer is…The ozone layer is monitored in the following ways…002.3 Monitoring Atmosphere Quality p.229-230Greenhouse Effect:CO2 is not considered a toxic pollutant because…but it is a greenhouse gas.Greenhouse gasses are those that…Enhanced greenhouse effect is caused by…Global Warming is…Ozone: p.232Purpose of the ozone layer is…Consequences of a thinning ozone layer are…The cause of a thinning ozone layer is…The ozone layer is monitored in the following ways…34290002381250011430073025The Greenhouse Effect: When radiant energy from the sun reaches Earth’s surface, much of it is reflected back into space. But some of this energy is trapped near Earth’s surface by a layer of gasses that act like the glass in a green house. 00The Greenhouse Effect: When radiant energy from the sun reaches Earth’s surface, much of it is reflected back into space. But some of this energy is trapped near Earth’s surface by a layer of gasses that act like the glass in a green house. Section 3: Potentially harmful substances are spread and concentrated in the environment in various ways346202012700003.1 Transport of Materials Through Air, Soil and WaterAIR 3 Stages: p.2371.2.3.How are the directions and distance travelled by airborne chemicals determined?---GROUNDWATER (define) p.239:Water table:Characteristics that prevent the dispersal of chemicals…What types of substances contaminate ground water?What factors affect water movement?--SURFACE WATER p.241Contaminant sources:----Properties of “problem” contaminants:Become a problem when…Importance of monitoring:SOIL p.241Water that soaks in to the soil and moves downward is called _________________________________.What properties of soil make it more susceptible to contamination?77470905510005284470738441500167195564185800012065158753.2 Changing ConcentrationDescribe how the various techniques listed below can be used to change the concentration of pollutants in the environment.p.243-244Dispersion: Dilution:Biodegradation: - Role of Bacteria - Factors Affecting Biodegradation p.246Phytoremediation: p.246-247 Photolysis:003.2 Changing ConcentrationDescribe how the various techniques listed below can be used to change the concentration of pollutants in the environment.p.243-244Dispersion: Dilution:Biodegradation: - Role of Bacteria - Factors Affecting Biodegradation p.246Phytoremediation: p.246-247 Photolysis:7683526866850081915141414500-114300590553.3 Hazardous ChemicalsAffect Living Things: Biomagnification: p.248 Oil Spills impact on… p.250-252 Environment: People: Plants and Animals: Clean-up:3.4 Household Chemicals p.253-257Examples:Government Regulations: Labeling – WHMIS MSDS:New Product Registration: Transporting: Disposal: Hazardous Waste Collection Sites:003.3 Hazardous ChemicalsAffect Living Things: Biomagnification: p.248 Oil Spills impact on… p.250-252 Environment: People: Plants and Animals: Clean-up:3.4 Household Chemicals p.253-257Examples:Government Regulations: Labeling – WHMIS MSDS:New Product Registration: Transporting: Disposal: Hazardous Waste Collection Sites:7556575920600076835545465000 ................
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