Science 10 – Provincial Exam Review



Science 10 – Provincial Exam Review (Biology Unit)

This review package is meant as a focus for preparation for the Science 10 BC Provincial Exam. Students should also be reviewing their notes and assignments to be wholly prepared for this exam.

(Section 1.1) - Biomes

The ___________________ is the thin layer of air, land, and water at Earth’s surface where living things exist.

A _______________ is a large area of the biosphere that has characteristic _______________ (long-term weather conditions in an area, including rainfall and temperature), _____________, ______________, and soil.

– Biotic factors are __________________ in the environment (bacteria, plants, & animals)

– Abiotic factors are ___________________ parts of the environment (air, water, soil, light & temp)

It is the interactions between biotic & abiotic factors determine what ___________________ a biome will have. Some factors that Influence the characteristics and distribution of biomes are…

- Annual __________________ and __________________ (rainfall, snow, mist, and fog)

- _________________ - the distance north and south from the equator.

- _________________ - the height above sea level. Higher elevations have less air, so retain less heat.

- _________________ - carry warmth and moisture to coastal areas.

Quick Check

Use the Precipitation and Temperature Graph to answer the following questions

a) What is the highest average annual temp that would be found in a grassland biome?

b) What is the lowest average annual precipitation in a tropical rainforest biome?

c) What is the range of annual average precipitation in a boreal forest biome?

(d) What is the highest average annual precipitation and temperature in a desert biome?

(e) Which biomes can have both an annual average rainfall of less than 25 cm precipitation and a temperature below 0°C? ________________ ________________ ________________

Use the Biomes of the World map on page 6 of your Data Pages to answer the next questions.

Which factor, latitude or elevation, is likely more responsible for the locations of the permanent ice biome? ____________________

Which factor, latitude or precipitation, is likely more responsible for the locations of the desert biome? ____________________

A climatograph shows the average temp & precipitation for a location over a period of a ___________

Quick Check

Examine the differences between the climatographs for Tofino and Osoyoos

[pic]

(e) How do the average temperatures compare for the two locations in October?

Biomes and Adaptations

Biomes can also be identified by characteristic biotic factors. Ex. _______________________________

ADAPTATION: A characteristic that allows an organism to better _____________ & _______________

There are 3 types…

1) ____________________: Physical feature that that helps an organism survive.

Ex. a wolf has large paws to help it run in snow.

2) ____________________: Physical or chemical event inside the body of an organism that allows it to survive.

Ex. a wolf maintains a constant body temperature.

3) ____________________: Behaviour that helps an organism to survive.

Ex. wolves hunt in packs to capture large prey.

Quick Check

Identify these characteristics of the common spotted owl as a structural, physiological, or behavioural.

(a) Its feathers have white spots on a brown background. ___________________

(b) It maintains constant blood sugar levels. ___________________

(c) It lines its nest with grass. ___________________

(d) Its eyes face front to give depth perception. ___________________

(e) It places cow dung at the front of its nest to hide from predators. ___________________

(Section 1.2) – Ecosystems

________________ : Is the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment

________________

___________________ : A network of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors.

Ex.

___________________: Where organisms live. Ex.

__________________: is a group of closely related organisms that can reproduce with one another.

__________________: includes all members of a species within an ecosystem

__________________: includes all populations of different species that interact in the ecosystem

__________________: refers to the role an organism has within an ecosystem, which means how the organism fits into and contributes to its environment.

Biotic Interactions & Symbiotic Relationships

Symbiosis is a relationship in which two different organisms live together in close association.

Some symbiotic relationships…

____________________ - One organism benefits and the other organism is not affected

____________________ - Both organisms benefit

____________________ - One organism benefits while the other is harmed

Other interactions…

____________________ - is an interaction that occurs between two or more organisms when they need the same resource (such as food) in the same location at the same time.

____________________ - Is the relationship where one organism (the __________________) kills and consumes another organism (the ________________)

Predator adaptations include:

Prey adaptations include:

Quick Check

1. Spanish moss grows on cedar trees in the temperate rainforests of British Columbia. The moss benefits from the physical support that a cedar tree provides. The cedar tree is not benefitted by the moss, but nor is it harmed. What relationship exists between the Spanish moss and the cedar tree?

2. The hookworm uses its teeth to attach to the wall of a dog’s intestine so that it can feed on the dog’s blood. Explain why the hookworm is considered a parasite.

3. The great blue heron feeds on fish while standing in water. Its special role is to stand and fish in deep water where other species of herons with shorter legs cannot fish. What term best describes the great blue heron’s special place within its ecosystem?

4. A plant called spotted knapweed grows wild across the rangelands of British Columbia. It is able to release chemicals into the soil that prevent the growth of other types of plants. What term best describes this interaction?

5. The lynx is a predator and the snowshoe hare is the prey. In which years did the predator population decrease, likely due to the decrease in the prey polulation?

Biodiversity is the variety of all living species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms.

Healthy ecosystems generally tend to have ______________ biodiversity

Most biodiversity losses occur from the loss of ___________________

Humans often have a negative effect on biodiversity through by…

(Section 2.1) – Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Be sure to know the following terminology; producer, consumer, decomposer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detrivore, biodegradation & trophic level

Food Chain Food Web- a model of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

Quick Check

1. Which two members of the above food web are omnivores?

2. Which two members of the above food web are tertiary consumers?

____________________________ (Food Pyramids) – Show the available energy from one trophic level to another.

There are three types of pyramids:

A. Pyramid of _________________ - shows the number of organisms at each level.

B. Pyramid of _________________ - shows the number of organisms at ach level multiplied by their mass.

C. Pyramid of _________________ - shows the amount of energy that is available at each trophic level.

Quick breakdown of Ecological pyramids:

- Energy enters at the first trophic level (producers obtain energy from sunlight)

- Lower trophic levels have much larger populations than upper levels

- It takes large quantities of organisms in one trophic level to meet the energy needs of the next trophic level up

- Approx 90% of energy taken in by consumers is used for reactions in the body, only 10% goes to increasing biomass.

(Section 2.2) Nutrient Cycles

Earth’s biosphere is like a sealed terrarium in which all ___________________ that support life and all _________________ that are produced are constantly ____________________within its boundaries.

The _________________ cycle, __________________ cycle, and ____________________ cycle move nutrients into and out of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in various forms. Human activities can also affect nutrient cycles.

The three nutrient cycles can be found in your data booklet. These diagrams are the key for answering any nutrient cycle questions (you are not expected to have them memorized)

Recall… (Find the following information using the data booklet)

Carbon Where is it stored? How does it cycle? Human Effects?

Nitrogen Where is it stored? How does it cycle? Human Effects?

Phosporus Where is it stored? How does it cycle? Human Effects?

Quick Check

1. How many gigatonnes of carbon are stored in the atmosphere? __________ Deep water? _________

2. =======Does agriculture move carbon into the air or out of the air?

3. How do volcanoes affect the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

4. How is the process of denitrification different from the process of nitrification and nitrogen fixation?

5. Excess nitrogen in ecosystems increases the amount of algal blooms. List two negative effects of algal blooms.

6. How do humans add excess phosphorus into the environment?

(Section 2.3) Effects of Bioaccumulation on Ecosystems

Terminology: Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, keystone species

PCB’s and the Orca

- PCBs are poisonous environmental pollutants that tend to accumulate in animal tissues.

- PCBs were used for many industrial and electrical applications but were banned in 1977 because of their environmental impact.

- PCBs stay in organisms and the environment for a very long time, suppressing the immune system, probably causing cancer in humans, and interfering with the reproductive success of the orca.

- The PCB load of orcas is much higher than that of any other animal in the world.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s) – Example…DDT

- DDT is a pesticide introduced in 1941 to control mosquito populations and is still used in some places.

- DDT binds soil, bioaccumulates in plants, and bioaccumulates in the fatty tissue of animals eating plants

- Even at low levels of 5 ppm, DDT can cause nervous, immune, and reproductive system disorders.

Explain what is meant by ppm.

Explain why the concentration of DDT is less in plankton than in cormorants.

Heavy Metals:

_________________ is not considered safe at any level.

• Many electronics contain lead and must be recycled carefully.

• Lead can cause anemia (a blood condition) and nervous and reproductive system damage.

• Lead is harmful if it is absorbed through the skin, inhaled, or ingested (eaten).

____________________ is used in the manufacture of plastics and nickel-cadmium batteries.

• In humans, the main source of cadmium is exposure to cigarette smoke.

• Cadmium causes lung diseases, cancer, and nervous and immune system damage.

____________________ has entered ecosystems through the burning of fossil fuels, waste incineration, mining, and the manufacture of items like batteries.

• Mercury bioaccumulates in the brain, heart, and kidneys of many animals.

• Fish bioaccumulate mercury compounds, so any organisms that eat the fish, including humans are at risk

Clean-up??

________________________: is the use of micro-organisms or plants to help clean up chemical pollution.

Ex. The oil industry sometimes uses bacteria to “eat” oil spills.

(Section 3.1) – How Changes Occur Naturally in Ecosystems

How Organisms Adapt to Change

_______________________: is the process where environmental factors favour the survival of fit individuals. Sometimes, organisms are born with unique characteristics that give them an advantage within their niche.

Ex.

_______________________: is the process by which members of a species adapt to a variety of habitats.

Ex.

How Ecosystems Change Over Time

________________________________: Is the process of gradual change that occurs when organisms colonize a habitat, modify it, and are forced out by a new species better adapted to the now altered environment

_____________________________: Occurs in an area where no soil previously exists

Can last for hundreds of years

The first organisms to survive and reproduce are called ____________________________

_______________________________: Secondary succession occurs after a major disturbance, such as a forest fire, in an area that already has soil and once had living organisms

Much more rapid than primary succession

The final stage of either type of succession is a _______________________________

Terrestrial climax communities continue to change as natural events effect the ecosystems.

Some of these are:

1. occurs in locations where water levels can change rapidly. Can result in soil erosion, as well as the spread of pollutants and harmful bacteria associated with wastes.

2. huge waves from large earthquakes or volcanic eruptions; can flood coastal areas.

3. occurs when an area receives a lower than average amount of rainfall over a long period of time. Can destroy habitats and kill organisms.

4. when normal conditions are changed, infestations can occur.

(Section 3.2, 3.3) – Human Effects on Ecosystems & Introduced Species

A. is the practice in which forests are logged or cleared for human use and are not replanted.

B. (which means the soil becomes less healthy and less able to support life) occurs when water and wind erosion removes nutrient rich topsoil from bare land.

C. Fields are left exposed during non-planting seasons, water and wind erosion can occur. Farm vehicles and grazing animals can cause soil compaction. Use of pesticides

D. Includes such activities as harvesting fish and timber, mining coal and minerals, and extracting oil and gas.

is the use or extraction of a resource until it is depleted.

E. organisms that people intentionally or accidentally have introduced into regions where they did not exist previously

are plants and animals that naturally inhabit an area.

Introduced invasive species in British Columbia include.

Foreign species can affect native species through:

• _______________________: Native species have an established balance in the competition for food and habitat, and the invasive species disturbs this balance. The European starling outcompetes British Columbia’s western bluebird for nesting habitat.

• ________________________: If the invasive species is a predator, it may have a huge advantage since the native species may have no methods to survive against it. The Norway rat preys on British Columbia’s groundnesting birds, and the American bullfrog preys on British Columbia’s native frogs.

• _________________________________: By weakening certain species, a micro-organism invading an ecosystem can drastically alter the entire ecosystem and the niches within it.

• ________________________________: Some invasive species can change the physical structure of the ecosystem by digging, burrowing, blocking sunlight, or changing the ecosystem’s chemistry. Eurasian milfoil forms wide, dense mats at lake surfaces, cutting off sunlight to organisms below. It grows from plant fragments, which are often spread by boats.

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Quick Check

Identify each of the following as either a biotic or an abiotic factor.

(a) crab ___________________ (b) ocean temp, ___________________

(c) lake water ___________________ (d) dissolved oxygen ___________________

(e) tides ___________________ (f ) seaweed ___________________

(a) What is the average temperature of Tofino in October?

(b) What is the average temperature of Osoyoos in July?

(c) In which month does Tofino have the lowest average temperature?

(d) How much precipitation is received in Osoyoos during its driest month?

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